Editing Siberia (section)

===Early history===
[[File:Choris, Tschuktschen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]], one of many [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia]]. Representation of a Chukchi family by [[Louis Choris]] (1816)]]
During past millennia, different groups of [[nomad]]s – such as the [[Enets]], the [[Nenets people|Nenets]], the [[Huns]], the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Scythians]], and the [[Yugur]] – inhabited various parts of Siberia. The [[Afanasievo culture|Afanasievo]] and [[Tashtyk culture]]s of the [[Yenisey]] valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the [[Indo-European migrations]] across Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians|first=Ann|last=Gibbons|date=10 June 2015|title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians|journal=Science|publisher=AAAS}}</ref> The proto-Mongol [[Khitan people]] also occupied parts of the region.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

In the 13th century, during the period of the [[Mongol Empire]], the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Naumov| first1 = Igor V.| translator1-last = Collins| translator1-first = David Norman| chapter = The Mongols in Siberia| editor1-last = Collins| editor1-first = David Norman| title = The History of Siberia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4498YjPq6mgC| series = Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe| location = London| publisher = Routledge| date = 2006a| page = 44| isbn = 9781134207039| access-date = 11 June 2019| quote = In 1207 Chinggis Khan sent his troops north under the command of his elder son Jochi to subjugate the 'forest peoples'. Jochi was able to do so in the space of three years. The only exception was the remote northern tribes. Most of Siberia became part of the Mongol Empire.}}</ref> With the breakup of the [[Golden Horde]], the autonomous [[Khanate of Sibir]] was formed in the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking [[Yakuts|Yakut]] migrated north from the [[Lake Baikal]] region under pressure from the Mongol tribes from the 13th to 15th centuries.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite journal| last1 = Pakendorf | first1 = B.| last2 = Novgorodov| first2 = I. N.| last3 = Osakovskij | first3 = V. L.| last4 = Danilova | first4 = A. B. P.| last5 = Protod'Jakonov | first5 = A. P.| last6 = Stoneking | first6 = M.| doi = 10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2| title = Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: Genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts| journal = Human Genetics| volume = 120| issue = 3| pages = 334–353| year = 2006| pmid = 16845541| s2cid = 31651899}}}}</ref> Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian [[John F. Richards]] wrote: "it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA538 Richards, 2003] p. 538.</ref>

====Early Russian exploration====
{{Further|Russian conquest of Siberia}}
The first mention of Siberia in chronicles is recorded in the year 1032.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53}} The city-state of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] established two trade routes to the [[Ob (river)|Ob River]], and laid claim to the lands the Russians called ''[[Yugra]]''.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53|loc=The Russians named it Yugorskaia Zemlitsa (Yugor Land or Yugra)... The Novgoroders established two main routes to Siberia... to the lower reaches of the River Ob}} The Russians were attracted by [[Fur trade|its furs]] in particular.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53|loc=The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs}} Novgorod launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but often met resistance, such as two campaigns in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53}} After Novgorod was annexed by [[Principality of Moscow|Moscow]], the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with [[Ivan III of Russia]] sending [[Yugra campaigns|expeditionary forces to Siberia]] in 1483 and 1499–1500.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|pp=53|loc=After Novgorod had been annexed by the newly emerging centralized Russian state in 1478, its government, located in Moscow, tried to lay claim to Yugor Land as well... In 1483 Prince Ivan III sent a large expeditionary force to Siberia... In 1499–1500 Ivan III sent another large force}} The Russians received tribute, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|pp=53–54}}

The growing power of [[Russia]] began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and [[Cossack]]s began to enter the area. The Russian army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. Towns such as [[Mangazeya]], [[Tara, Omsk Oblast|Tara]], [[Yeniseysk]], and [[Tobolsk]] developed, the last becoming the ''de facto'' capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, ''Sibir'' was the name of a fortress at [[Qashliq]], near Tobolsk. [[Gerardus Mercator]], in a map published in 1595, marks ''Sibier'' both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the [[Ob (river)|Ob]].<ref>''[[:File:CEM-15-Asia-Mercator-1595-Russia-2533.jpg|Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Iunioris]]''</ref> Other sources{{which|date= September 2017}} contend that the [[Sibe people|Sibe]], an Indigenous [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic people]], offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a russification of their ethnonym.<ref name=manchus213/>