Editing Shock (circulatory) (section)

=== Obstructive ===
{{main|Obstructive shock}}
[[Obstructive shock]] is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the [[great vessels]] of the systemic or pulmonary circulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pich |first1=H. |last2=Heller |first2=A.R. |date=May 2015 |title=Obstruktiver Schock |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-809517 |journal=Der Anaesthesist |language=de |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=403–19 |doi=10.1007/s00101-015-0031-9 |issn=0003-2417 |pmid=25994928 |s2cid=39461027}}</ref> Several conditions can result in this form of shock.
* [[Cardiac tamponade]], in which fluid in the [[pericardium]] prevents inflow of blood into the heart ([[venous return]]).<ref name="EMB05" />
* [[Constrictive pericarditis]], in which the [[pericardium]] shrinks and hardens, is similar in presentation.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[Tension pneumothorax]]; Through increased intrathoracic pressure, venous return is impeded.<ref name="EMB05" />
* [[Pulmonary embolism]] is thromboembolism of the [[lung]]s, hindering oxygenation and return of blood to the heart.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[Aortic stenosis]] hinders circulation by obstructing the [[cardiac output]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[Hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis]] is overly thick ventricular muscle that dynamically occludes the [[ventricular outflow tract]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[Abdominal compartment syndrome]] defined as an increase in intra-abdominal pressure to > 20 mmHg with organ dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheatham |first=Michael Lee |date=April 2009 |title=Abdominal compartment syndrome |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/23a6128b306d88a72ed73e86a645f378e4bbcbe3 |journal=Current Opinion in Critical Care |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=154–62 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283297934 |issn=1531-7072 |pmid=19276799 |s2cid=42407737 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829055046/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Abdominal-compartment-syndrome-Cheatham/23a6128b306d88a72ed73e86a645f378e4bbcbe3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Increased intra-abdominal pressure can result from [[sepsis]] and severe abdominal trauma. This increased pressure reduces venous return, thereby reducing lung-heart function, resulting in signs and symptoms of shock.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheatham |first1=Michael L. |last2=Malbrain |first2=Manu L. N. G. |last3=Kirkpatrick |first3=Andrew |last4=Sugrue |first4=Michael |last5=Parr |first5=Michael |last6=De Waele |first6=Jan |last7=Balogh |first7=Zsolt |last8=Leppäniemi |first8=Ari |last9=Olvera |first9=Claudia |last10=Ivatury |first10=Rao |last11=D'Amours |first11=Scott |date=June 2007 |title=Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations |journal=Intensive Care Medicine |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=951–62 |doi=10.1007/s00134-007-0592-4 |issn=0342-4642 |pmid=17377769 |s2cid=10770608 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Many of the signs of obstructive shock are similar to cardiogenic shock, although treatments differ. Symptoms of obstructive shock include:
* [[Heart arrhythmia|Abnormal heart rhythms]], often a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* Reduced blood pressure.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* Cool, clammy, mottled skin, often due to low blood pressure and vasoconstriction.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* [[Oliguria|Decreased urine output]].