Editing Sexual slavery (section)

===Commercial sexual exploitation of children===
{{main|Commercial sexual exploitation of children}}

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) includes [[child prostitution]] (or child sex trafficking), [[child sex tourism]], [[child pornography]], or other forms of transactional sex with children. The Youth Advocate Program International (YAPI) describes CSEC as a form of [[coercion]] and violence against children and a contemporary form of [[slavery]].<ref name="yapi.org">
{{cite web|url=http://www.yapi.org/csec/|title=Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) and Child Trafficking|publisher=Youth Advocate Program International|access-date=8 July 2012|date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629142932/http://www.yapi.org/csec/|archive-date=29 June 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name=clift>{{cite book|title=Tourism and Sex |first1= Stephen|last1=Clift |first2=Simon | last2=Carter |publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA |year=2000 |pages=75–78 |isbn=978-1-85567-636-7}}</ref>

A declaration of the World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm in 1996, defined CSEC as, "sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or in kind to the child or to a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object".<ref name=clift/>

====Child prostitution====
{{Main|Child prostitution}}
Child prostitution, or child sex trafficking, is a form of sexual slavery.<ref name="Flowers">{{cite book|first=R. Barri|last=Flowers|title=Prostitution in the Digital Age: Selling Sex from the Suite to the Street: Selling Sex from the Suite to the Street|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0313384615|year=2011|page=34|access-date=28 October 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbxvF88mUxMC&pg=PA34}}</ref> It is the [[commercial sexual exploitation of children]], in which a child performs the services of prostitution, usually for the financial benefit of an adult.

Child prostitution usually manifests in the form of [[sex trafficking]], in which a child is [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] or tricked into becoming involved in the sex trade, or [[survival sex]], in which the child engages in sexual activities to procure basic essentials such as food and shelter. Prostitution of children is commonly associated with [[child pornography]], and they often overlap. Some people travel to foreign countries to engage in [[child sex tourism]]. Research suggests that there may be as many as 10 million children involved in prostitution worldwide.<ref name="Willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Brian M. |last2=Levy |first2=Barry S. |date=April 20, 2002 |title=Child prostitution: global health burden, research needs, and interventions |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259781 |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9315 |pages=1417–22 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08355-1 |pmid=11978356 |s2cid=10141488}}</ref> The practice is most widespread in [[South America]] and [[Asia]], but prostitution of children exists globally,{{sfn|Lim|1998|p=171}} in undeveloped countries as well as developed.{{sfn|Jaffe|Rosen|1997|p=10}} Most of the children involved with prostitution are girls, despite an increase in the number of young boys in the trade.

India's federal police said in 2009 that they believed around 1.2 million children in India to be involved in prostitution.<ref name="cnn.com">
{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/11/india.prostitution.children/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=6 April 2010 | title=Official: More than 1M child prostitutes in India | date=11 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064348/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/11/india.prostitution.children/index.html | archive-date=29 March 2010 | url-status=live}}
</ref> A CBI statement said that studies and surveys sponsored by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] estimated about 40% of India's prostitutes to be children.<ref name="cnn.com"/>

Thailand's Health System Research Institute reported that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.<ref name="unicri.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs/dr_thailand.pdf |title=Trafficking in Minors for Commercial Sexual Exploitation - Thailand |access-date=2012-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222065631/http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs/dr_thailand.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2005 }}</ref>

In some parts of the world, child prostitution is tolerated or ignored by the authorities. Reflecting an attitude which prevails in many developing countries, a judge from [[Honduras]] said, on condition of anonymity: "If the victim [the child prostitute] is older than 12, if he or she refuses to file a complaint and if the parents clearly profit from their child's commerce, we tend to look the other way".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_10/issue_07/travel_01.html |title=Child prostitution: the ugliest part of tourism |publisher=Thepanamanews.com |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625130547/http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_10/issue_07/travel_01.html |archive-date=25 June 2012}}</ref>

All member countries of the [[United Nations]] have committed to prohibiting child prostitution, either under the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] or the [[Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography]]. Various campaigns and organizations have been created to try to stop the practice.

====Child sex tourism====
{{Main|Child sex tourism}}
Child sex tourism is a form of child sex trafficking, and is mainly centered on buying and selling children into sexual slavery.<ref name="Sanderson 2">{{cite book|author=Christiane Sanderson|title=The Seduction of Children: Empowering Parents and Teachers to Protect Children from Child Sexual Abuse|publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]]|isbn=978-1846420603|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductionofchild0000sand/page/53 53]|access-date=28 October 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/seductionofchild0000sand|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Territo">{{cite book|first1=Leonard |last1=Territo |first2=George |last2=Kirkham|title=International Sex Trafficking of Women & Children: Understanding the Global Epidemic|publisher=Looseleaf Law Publications|isbn=978-1932777864|year=2010|page=435|access-date=28 October 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aiWVfPiakC&pg=PA435}}</ref> It is when an adult travels to a foreign country for the purpose of engaging in commercially facilitated child sexual abuse.<ref name=deptstate>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/fs/08/112090.htm|title=The Facts About Child Sex Tourism|work=Fact Sheet|publisher=US Dept of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons|date=29 February 2008|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> Child sex tourism results in both mental and physical consequences for the exploited children, that may include "disease (including [[HIV/AIDS]]), drug addiction, pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and possibly death", according to the State Department of the United States.<ref name=deptstate/> 

Child sex tourism has been closely linked to [[poverty]], armed conflicts, rapid industrialization, and exploding population growth.<ref name="studentpulse.com">{{cite journal |last=Eirienne |first=Arielle K. |year=2009 |title=Child Sex Tourism: 'Us' and 'Them' in a Globalized World |url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/34/child-sex-tourism-us-and-them-in-a-globalized-world |journal=Student Pulse |volume=1 |issue=11}}</ref> In [[Latin America]] and [[Southeast Asia]], for instance, [[street children]] often turn to prostitution as a last resort. Additionally, vulnerable children are easy targets for exploitation by traffickers.<ref name="studentpulse.com" /> South Africa,<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2014 |title=Child Sexual Abuse: Top 5 Countries with the Highest Rates |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/child-sexual-abuse-top-5-countries-highest-rates-1436162}}</ref> [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2014 |title=Top Five Countries with Highest Rates of Child Prostitution |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-five-countries-highest-rates-child-prostitution-1435448}}</ref> [[Prostitution in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Kenya]] and [[Morocco]] have been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation.<ref>{{cite web |title=16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38872 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326111520/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38872 |archive-date=26 March 2012 |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=www.ipsnews.net}}</ref> Also, child victim ages have been found in Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand to range from 6 to 11 years old, followed by 12 to 15 years old, and 15 to 17.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Christopher G |title=Global Social Issues: An Encyclopedia |last2=Ciment |first2=James |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7656-8292-5 |chapter=Sex Tourism and the Sex Trade |access-date=2 September 2020 |chapter-url=https://corp.credoreference.com/component/booktracker/edition/9275.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018162053/https://corp.credoreference.com/component/booktracker/edition/9275.html |archive-date=18 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Child pornography====
{{Main|Child pornography}}
Child pornography, sometimes referred to as 'child abuse images',<ref name= Wortley>{{cite book|title= Situational Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, Volume 19 of Crime prevention studies |author=Richard Wortley |author2=Stephen Smallbone |publisher=Criminal Justice Press |year=2006 |page=192 |isbn=978-1-881798-61-3}}</ref><ref name="Sanderson">{{cite book |author=Sanderson |first=Christiane |title=The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84310-248-9 |page=133}}</ref><ref name= Akdeniz11>{{cite book|title=Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses |url=https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde |url-access=limited |author=Yaman Akdeniz| publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde/page/n29 11]|isbn=978-0-7546-2297-0}}</ref> refers to images or films depicting [[Pornography|sexually explicit]] activities involving a child. As such, child pornography is often a visual record of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name=finkelhor1994/><ref name="hobbs">{{cite book|title=Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook |author= Christopher James Hobbs|author2=Helga G. I. Hanks |author3=Jane M. Wynne |year=1999 |page= 328 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | isbn= 978-0-443-05896-7|quote=Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse}}</ref><ref name= O>{{cite book|title=Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society|author1=Ian O'Donnel |author2=Claire Milner |year=2007 |publisher=Willan Publishing |page=123}}</ref> Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts which are photographed in the production of child pornography,<ref name=finkelhor1994>
{{cite journal| author = David Finkelhor| title = Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse.| journal = Future of Children| volume = v4 n2| issue = Sum–Fall 1994| pages = 31–53| url = http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ497143| date = 1993-11-30| access-date = 20 December 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017000553/http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ497143| archive-date = 17 October 2015| url-status = live}}
</ref><ref name="hobbs"/><ref name=sheldon20>{{cite book|title=Sex Offenders and the Internet |url=https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi |url-access=limited |author=Kerry Sheldon |author2=Dennis Howitt |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n32 20] |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-02800-1|quote='Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape&nbsp;– of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p.203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)}}</ref><ref name=Klain>{{cite book |title=Child Pornography: The Criminal-justice-system Response |author=Eva J. Klain |author2=Heather J. Davies |author3=Molly A. Hicks |publisher=National Center for Missing & Exploited Children |year=2001 |quote=Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children, they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse.}}</ref> and the effects of the abuse on the child (and continuing into maturity) are compounded by the wide distribution and lasting availability of the photographs of the abuse.<ref name=Wortley17>{{cite journal|title=Child Pornography on the Internet |author=Richard Wortley |author2=Stephen Smallbone |journal=Problem-Oriented Guides for Police |number=41|page=17|quote=The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.}}</ref><ref name=sheldon9>{{cite book|title=Sex Offenders and the Internet |url=https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi |url-access=limited |author=Kerry Sheldon |author2=Dennis Howitt |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n21 9] |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-02800-1|quote=...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.}}</ref><ref name=doj1>
{{cite journal | author1 = Wells, M. | author2 = Finkelhor, D. | author3 = Wolak, J. | author4 = Mitchell, K. | year = 2007 | title = Defining Child Pornography: Law Enforcement Dilemmas in Investigations of Internet Child Pornography Possession | journal = Police Practice and Research | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–282 | url = http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV96.pdf | access-date = 1 July 2008 | doi = 10.1080/15614260701450765 | s2cid = 10876828 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112922/http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV96.pdf | archive-date = 4 June 2011 | url-status = live}}
</ref>

Child sex trafficking often involves child pornography.<ref name="Sanderson 2"/> Children are commonly purchased and sold for sexual purposes without the parents knowing. In these cases, children are often used to produce child pornography, especially sadistic forms of child pornography where they may be tortured.<ref name="Sanderson 2"/>

Child pornography is illegal and [[Censorship|censored]] in most jurisdictions in the world.<ref name="ICMEC CSAM 2018">{{cite book |url=https://www.icmec.org/child-pornography-model-legislation-report/ |title=Child Sexual Abuse Material: Model Legislation & Global Review |publisher=International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children |year=2018 |edition=9th}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=27 July 2002 |title=World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |url=http://www.csecworldcongress.org/en/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121435/http://www.csecworldcongress.org/en/index.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=7 January 2012 |publisher= |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malamuth |first=Neil M. |date=2018 |title="Adding fuel to the fire"? Does exposure to non-consenting adult or to child pornography increase risk of sexual aggression? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178917303002 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=41 |pages=74–89 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.013 |s2cid=149279109}}</ref> Ninety-four of 187 [[Interpol]] member states had laws specifically addressing child pornography {{As of|2008||lc=y}}, though this does not include nations that ban all pornography.<ref name="ICMEC CSAM 2018" />