Editing Seville (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Seville|Timeline of Seville}}
Seville is approximately 2,200 years old. The passage of the various civilizations instrumental in its growth has left the city with a distinct personality, and a large and well-preserved historical centre.

===Early periods===
[[File:Tesoro del Carambolo - Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla.jpg|thumb|[[Treasure of El Carambolo]], belonging to the ancient [[Tartessos|Tartessian]] sanctuary located 3 kilometers west of Seville.]]
[[File:Caños de Carmona en calle Luis Montoto (2).jpg|thumb|Section of [[Caños de Carmona]]]]
The mythological founder of the city is Hercules ([[Heracles]]), commonly identified with the Phoenician god [[Melqart]], who the myth says sailed through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to the Atlantic, and founded trading posts at the current sites of [[Cádiz]] and of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://aznalfarache.blogspot.com/2010/09/leyendas-de-sevilla-5-hercules-y-la.html|title= Leyendas de Sevilla – 5 Hércules y la fundación de Sevilla|website=Aznalfarache.blogspot.com |date= 13 September 2010|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> The original core of the city, in the neighbourhood of the present-day street, Cuesta del Rosario, dates to the 8th century BC,<ref name="Salgueiro2007">{{cite book|author=Manuel Jesús Roldán Salgueiro|title=Historia de Sevilla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZXEGgAACAAJ|access-date=9 February 2013|year=2007|publisher=Almuzara|isbn=978-84-88586-24-7}}</ref> when Seville was on an island in the [[Guadalquivir]].<ref name="Mena1985">{{cite book|author=José María de Mena|title=Historia de Sevilla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_kqAQAAMAAJ|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1985|publisher=Plaza & Janés|isbn=978-84-01-37200-1|page=39}}</ref> Archaeological excavations in 1999 found anthropic remains under the north wall of the Real Alcázar dating to the 8th–7th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proyecto Puntual de Investigación 1999: Intervención Puntual: "Estudios estratigráficos y análisis constructivos"|url=http://www.alcazarsevilla.org/?page_id=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317193413/http://www.alcazarsevilla.org/?page_id=33|archive-date=17 March 2015|work=Real Alcázar|publisher=Real Alcázar de Sevilla|language=es|quote=Los restos antrópicos más antiguos se situaban sobre esta terraza, bajo la muralla Septentrional del Alcázar, datados en el s. VII-VIII a.C.|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> The town was called ''Hisbaal'' by the Phoenicians and by the Tartessians, the indigenous pre-Roman Iberian people of [[Tartessos]], who controlled the Guadalquivir Valley at the time.

The city was known from [[Hispania|Roman times]] as ''Hispal'' and later as ''Hispalis''. Hispalis developed into one of the great market and industrial centres of Hispania, while the nearby Roman city of [[Italica]] (present-day [[Santiponce]], birthplace of the Roman emperors [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]])<ref name="Nash2005">{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Nash|title=Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVA1reAI7w0C&pg=PA8|date=16 September 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-972537-3|page=8}}</ref> remained a typically Roman residential city. Large-scale Roman archaeological remains can be seen there and at the nearby town of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] as well.

Existing Roman features in Seville itself include the remains exposed ''in situ'' in the underground Antiquarium of the [[Metropol Parasol]] building, the remnants of an [[Caños de Carmona|aqueduct]], three pillars of a [[Roman temple|temple]] in ''Mármoles'' Street, the columns of [[La Alameda, Seville|La Alameda de Hércules]] and the remains in the [[Patio de Banderas]] square near the [[Seville Cathedral]]. The walls surrounding the city were originally built during the rule of [[Julius Caesar]], but their current course and design were the result of Moorish reconstructions.<ref name="degelo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.degelo.com/sevilla/sev3.htm |title=Antiguas Murallas y Puertas de Sevilla |website=Degelo.com |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>

Following Roman rule, there were successive conquests of the Roman province of ''[[Hispania Baetica]]'' by the Germanic [[Vandals]], [[Suebi]] and [[Visigoths]] during the 5th and 6th centuries.

===Middle Ages===
In the wake of the [[Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]], Seville (''Spalis'') was seemingly taken by [[Musa ibn Nusayr]] in the late summer of 712, while he was on his way to [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]].<ref name=gathane /> Yet it had to be retaken in July 713 by troops led by his son [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa]], as the Visigothic population who had fled to [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]] had returned to Seville once Musa left for Mérida.<ref name=gathane /> The seat of the [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]] of [[Al-Andalus]] (administrative division of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]) was thus established in the city until 716,<ref name=gathane>{{Cite book|chapter=La influencia del río Guadalquivir en la imagen de la ciudad de Sevilla a lo largo de los siglos|first=José|last=González Athané|title=Paisajes modelados por el agua: entre el arte y la ingeniería |chapter-url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4521997.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4521997.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|year=2012|isbn=978-84-9852-345-4<!--|pages=97-109-->|page=102}}</ref> when the capital of Al-Andalus was relocated to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>{{Cite journal|page=167|url=https://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/view/34/28|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Ediciones CSIC]]|last=Calvo Capilla|first=Susana|year=2007|title=Las primeras mezquitas de al-Andalus a través de las fuentes árabes (92/711 – 170/785)|journal=Al-Qanṭara|volume=28|issue=1<!--|pages=143–179-->|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2007.v28.i1.34|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Seville (''Ishbīliya'') [[Viking raid on Seville|was sacked by Vikings]] in the mid-9th century. After Vikings arrived by 25 September 844, Seville fell to invaders on 1 October, and they stood for 40 days before they fled from the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Viking raids on the spanish peninsula|first=Rolf|last=Scheen|journal=Militaria: Revista de Cultura Militar|issn=0214-8765|issue=8|year=1996<!--|pages=67–88-->|pages=67 |location=Madrid|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/view/MILT9696110067A/3416}}</ref> During Umayyad rule, under an Andalusi-Arab framework, the bulk of the population were [[Muwallad|Muladi]] converts, to which Christian and Jewish minorities added up.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=136–137; 138}} Up until the arrival of the [[Almohads]] in the 12th century, the city remained as the see of a Metropolitan Archbishop,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA138|page=138|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|editor-first=Salma Khadra|editor-last=Jayyusi|edition=2nd|publisher=[[EJ Brill]]|location=Leiden, New York, Köln|year=1994|chapter=Islamic Seville: Its Political, Social and Cultural History|first=Rafael|last=Valencia|isbn=90-04-09599-3}}</ref> the leading Christian religious figure in al-Andalus. However, the transfer of the relics of [[Isidore of Seville|Saint Isidore]] to [[León, Spain|León]] circa 1063, in the taifa period, already hinted at a possible worsening of the situation of the local Christian minority.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Declive y extinción de la minoría cristiana en la Sevilla andalusí (ss. XI-XII)|first=Alejandro|last=García Sanjuán|journal=Historia. Instituciones. Documentos|issn=0210-7716|issue=31|year=2004<!--pages=269–286-->|url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/historia/31/15%20garcia%20sanjuan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/historia/31/15%20garcia%20sanjuan.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|pages=271–276}}</ref>

A [[Taifa of Seville|powerful ''taifa'' kingdom with capital in Seville]] emerged after 1023,{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} in the wake of the [[fitna of al-Andalus]]. Ruled by the [[Abbadid dynasty]], the taifa grew by aggregation of smaller neighbouring ''taifas''.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} During the taifa period, Seville became an important scholarly and literary centre.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} After several months of siege, Seville was conquered by the [[Almoravids]] in 1091.<ref>{{Cite book|location=Granada|chapter-url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/81678/2018%20Valor-Lafuente.%20Sevilla%20taifa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|year=2018|title=Tawa'if. Historia y Arqueología de los reinos taifas|isbn=978-84-949380-2-3|chapter=La Sevilla 'abbādí|first1=Magdalena|last1=Valor Piechotta|first2=Pilar|last2=Lafuente Ibáñez|page=182|editor-first=Bilal|editor-last=Sarr|archive-date=28 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928211903/https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/81678/2018%20Valor-Lafuente.%20Sevilla%20taifa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city fell to the Almohads on 17 January 1147 (12 [[Shaʽban]] 541).{{Sfn|El Hour|1999|p=289}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramírez del Río|first=José|year=1999|title=Pueblos de Sevilla en época islámica. Breve recorrido histórico-político|journal=Philologia Hispalensis|volume=13|issue=1|page=19<!--|pages=15–40-->|url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/philologia/13_1/art_2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/philologia/13_1/art_2.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> After an informal Almohad settlement in Seville during the early stages of the Almohad presence in the Iberian Peninsula and then a brief relocation of the capital of al-Andalus to Córdoba in 1162 (which had dire consequences for Seville, reportedly depopulated and under starvation),<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/27507/1/Rachid_Transicion.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/27507/1/Rachid_Transicion.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|chapter=La transición entre las épocas almorávide y almohade vista a través de las familias de ulemas|last=El Hour|first=Rachid|year=1999|page=291|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|title=Estudios onomástico-biográficos de al-Andalus, IX<!--|pages=261–305-->|isbn=84-00-07860-8}}</ref> Seville became the definitive seat of the Andalusi part of the Almohad Empire in 1163,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10396/3558/12.11.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=La remodelación urbana de Ishbilia a través de la historiografía almohade|issue=12|year=2001|journal=Actas de las II Jornadas Cordobesas de Arqueología Andaluza|doi=10.21071/aac.v0i.11252|first=Enrique Luis|last=Domínguez Berenjeno|pages=178–179|location=Córdoba|publisher=[[University of Córdoba (Spain)|UCOPress]]|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|year=2017|chapter-url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01453002/document|chapter=The story of the Almohads in the Kingdom of Fez and of Morocco|first=Pascal|last=Buresi|title=The Soul of Morocco|pages=105–146}}</ref> a twin capital alongside [[Marrakesh]]. Almohads carried out a large urban renewal.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-first=Maribel|editor-last=Fierro|isbn=978-1-315-62595-9|chapter=Box 2.1 Seville|first=Alejandro|last=García-Sanjuan|title=The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia|year=2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=23–25}}</ref> By the end of the 12th century, the walled enclosure perhaps contained 80,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Las ciudades de Andalucía occidental en la Baja Edad Media: sociedad, morfología y funciones urbanas|first=Miguel Ángel|last=Ladero Quesada|page=74|journal= En la España medieval|issn=0214-3038|volume=10|year=1987|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/ELEM8787110069A/24042}}</ref>{{see also|Siege of Seville}}[[File:Patio_de_las_doncellas-ret.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The ''Patio de las Doncellas'' in the [[Alcázar of Seville]]]]
In the wider context of the Castilian–Leonese conquest of the Guadalquivir Valley that ensued in the 13th century, [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] laid siege on Seville in 1247. A [[naval blockade]] came to prevent relief of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://worldencompassed.net/articles/IberianNavalPower.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://worldencompassed.net/articles/IberianNavalPower.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|chapter=Iberian Naval Power, 1000–1650|editor-first=John B.|editor-last=Hattendorf|editor-first2=Richard W.|editor-last2=Unger|page=107|<!--pages=105–118-->publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-84615-171-2|first=Lawrence V.|last=Mott|title=War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance}}</ref> The city surrendered on 23 November 1248,<ref name="O'Callaghan1975">{{cite book|author=Joseph F. O'Callaghan|title=A History of Medieval Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC|access-date=6 February 2013|year=1975|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9264-8|page=353}}</ref> after fifteen months of siege. The conditions of capitulation contemplated the eviction of the population, with contemporary sources seemingly confirming that a mass movement of people out of Seville indeed took place.<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=31–33|journal=[[Hispania. Revista Española de Historia]]|year=2017|volume=LXXVII|issue=255<!--|pages=11-41-->|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2017.001|title=La conquista de Sevilla por Fernando III (646 h/1248). Nuevas propuestas a través de la relectura de las fuentes árabes|first=Alejandro|last=García Sanjuán|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/507/502|doi-access=free|hdl=10272/15574|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The city's development continued after the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] conquest in 1248. Public buildings were constructed including churches—many of which were built in the [[Mudéjar]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] styles—such as the Seville Cathedral, built during the 15th century with [[Gothic architecture]].<ref name="Norwich2001">{{cite book|author=John Julius Norwich|title=Great Architecture of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo2BjGYRIT0C|access-date=15 May 2013|date=1 April 2001|publisher=Da Capo Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-306-81042-8|page=271}}</ref> Other Moorish buildings were converted into Catholic edifices, as was customary of the Catholic Church during the ''[[Reconquista]]''. The Moors' Palace became the Castilian royal residence, and during [[Peter of Castile|Pedro I]]'s rule it was replaced by the Alcázar (the upper levels are still used by the [[Spanish royal family]] as the official Seville residence).

{{wide image|Seville panorama.jpg|700px|[[Seville Cathedral|Cathedral of Saint Mary]] from Constitución Avenue}}

In the [[Massacre of 1391|1391 pogrom]] against the Jews, all the synagogues in Seville were converted to churches (renamed Santa María la Blanca, San Bartolomé, Santa Cruz, and Convento Madre de Dios). The Jewish quarter's land and shops (which were located in modern-day [[Santa Cruz, Seville|Santa Cruz neighbourhood]]) were appropriated by the church and many Jewish homes were burned down. 4000 Jews were killed during the pogrom and many others were [[B'nei Anusim|forced to convert]].

The first tribunal of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] was instituted in Seville in 1478. Its primary charge was to ensure that all nominal Christians were really behaving like Christians, and not practicing what Judaism they could in secret. At first, the activity of the Inquisition was limited to the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville|Seville]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba|Córdoba]], where the Dominican friar, Alonso de Ojeda, had detected [[converso]] activity.<ref name = "ojeda">{{cite web | url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/longhurst2/06.html | title = The Age of Torquemada, Chapter 6, pg. 79 | last = Longhurst | first = john Edward | publisher = Coronado Press | date = 1 January 1964 | access-date = 22 August 2021 | archive-date = 22 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210822224126/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/longhurst2/06.html | url-status = dead }} Description of Dominican friar who agitated for the Spanish Inquisition.</ref> The first [[Auto-da-fé|Auto de Fé]] took place in Seville on 6 February 1481, when six people were burned alive. Alonso de Ojeda himself gave the sermon. The Inquisition then grew rapidly. The Plaza de San Francisco was the site of the 'autos de fé'. By 1492, tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities: Ávila, Córdoba, Jaén, Medina del Campo, Segovia, Sigüenza, Toledo, and Valladolid;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = MacKay | first1 = A. | title = Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile | year = 1972| journal = Past and Present | issue = 55| pages = 33–67 | doi = 10.1093/past/55.1.33 }}</ref> and by the [[Alhambra Decree]] all Jews were [[anusim|forced to convert]] to Catholicism or be exiled (expelled) from Spain.<ref name="Levine">Levine Melammed, Renee. "Women in Medieval Jewish Societies." ''Women and Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship''. Ed. Frederick E. Greenspahn. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 105–106.</ref>

===Early modern period===
Following the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|Columbian exploration]] of the [[New World]], Seville was chosen as headquarters of the [[Casa de Contratación]] in 1503, which was the decisive development for Seville becoming the port and gateway to the Indies.{{Sfn|Pérez-Mallaína|1997|p=15}} Unlike other harbors, reaching the port of Seville required sailing about {{convert|80|km}} up the River Guadalquivir. The choice of Seville was made in spite of the difficulties for navigation in the Guadalquivir stemming from the increasing [[tonnage]] of ships as a result of the relentless drive to make maritime transport cheaper during the late Middle Ages.{{Sfn|Pérez-Mallaína|1997|p=16}} Nevertheless, technical suitability issues notwithstanding, the choice was still reasonable in the sense that Seville had become the largest demographic, economic and financial centre of Christian Andalusia in the late Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/carav_1147-6753_1997_num_69_1_2753|title=Auge y decadencia del puerto de Sevilla como cabecera de las rutas indianas|year=1997|last=Pérez-Mallaína|first=Pablo E.|pages=15–16|journal=Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien<!--|pages=15–39-->|volume=69|doi=10.3406/carav.1997.2753|hdl=11441/101782|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In addition, factors favouring the choice of Seville include the Andalusian coastline being largely under the seigneurial control of the [[House of Medina Sidonia]], Seville enjoying an important hinterland and administrative expertise, and its inland location also providing conditions for military security and enforcement of tax control.{{Sfn|Pacheco Morales-Padrón|2021|pp=408–409}}

A 'golden age of development' commenced in Seville, due to its being the only port awarded the royal monopoly for trade with [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Americas]] and the influx of riches from them. Since only [[Winds in the Age of Sail|sailing ships]] leaving from and returning to the inland port of Seville could engage in trade with the Spanish Americas, merchants from Europe and other trade centers needed to be in Seville to acquire New World trade goods. The city's population grew to more than a hundred thousand people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://personal.us.es/alporu/histsevilla/poblacion.htm |title=Demografía de Sevilla en el siglo XVI|publisher=Seville University |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref>
[[File:La sevilla del sigloXVI.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Seville in the late 16th century, [[Museum of America]], Madrid]]
[[File:Gran peste de Sevilla.jpg|thumb|right|Anonymous painting illustrating the effects of the 1649 plague]]
In the early 17th c., Seville's monopoly on overseas trade was broken, with the port of [[Cádiz]] now the monopoly port of trade as [[Siltation|silting]] of the Guadalquivir river in the 1620s made Seville's harbors harder to use.<ref name="Nash-2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVA1reAI7w0C&q=history+of+seville&pg=PA1|title=Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History|last=Nash|first=Elizabeth|date=13 October 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518204-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm|title=Chapter 15: A History of Spain and Portugal|website=libro.uca.edu|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Great Plague of Seville]] in 1649, exacerbated by excessive flooding of the Guadalquivir, reduced the population by almost half, and it did not recover until the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1999/6/99.06.01.x.html |title=99.06.01: Human-Environment Relations: A Case Study of Donana National Park, Andalucia, Spain and the Los Frailes Mine Toxic Spill of 1998 |website=Yale.edu |access-date=10 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEuFAgAAQBAJ&q=seville+plague+1649&pg=PA38|title=Early Modern Spain: A Social History|last=Casey|first=James|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-1-134-62380-8|pages=37–38}}</ref> By the 18th century, Seville's international importance was in steep decline, after the monopoly port for the trade to the Americas was relocated to Cádiz. Cádiz had gifted the Bourbon claimant to the throne in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] funding that helped it pursue the war. The reward to Cádiz was the rights of the monopoly port. The [[Casa de Contratación|House of Trade]] (which registered ships, cargoes, and persons travelling to the New World), and the large scale overseas commercial enterprises of the [[Consulado de mercaders|merchant guild]] relocated to Cádiz. The House of Trade had been housed in rented quarters, but the purpose-built headquarters of the merchant guild was left vacant.<ref>Byron Ellsworth Hamann, ''The Invention of the Colonial Americas: Data, Architecture, and the Archive of the Indies, 1781-1844''. Los Angeles: Getty Publications 2022</ref>

During the monarchy of [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], the [[Archive of the Indies]] was established in Seville in the old headquarters of the merchant guild. Documents pertaining to Spain's overseas empire were moved there from existing archival repositories, including [[Simancas]] and the House of Trade, were consolidated in a single repository. One scholar argues that the establishment of the [[General Archive of the Indies|Archive of the Indies]] marks a decisive moment in Spain's history, with the 18th c. Bourbon monarchy conceiving of its overseas territories as colonies of the metropole rather than entities under the jurisdiction of the crown on an equal basis as the kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula.<ref>Hamann, ''The Invention of the Colonial Americas: Data, Architecture, and the Archive of the Indies, 1781-1844'', 1</ref>

[[File:Domingo Martínez, Real máscara de la fábrica de tabacos.jpg|thumb|right|1747 parade organized by the workers of the [[Royal Tobacco Factory]]]]
During the 18th century Charles III promoted Seville's industries. Construction of the [[Royal Tobacco Factory|''Real Fábrica de Tabacos'' (Royal Tobacco Factory)]] began in 1728. It was the second-largest building in Spain, after the royal residence [[El Escorial]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Since the 1950s it has been the seat of the rectorate (administration) of the [[University of Seville]], as well as its Schools of Law, Philology (language/letters), Geography, and History.<ref>{{cite web|title=Un campus, una ciudad.|url=http://www.us.es/campus/index.html|publisher=Universidad de Sevilla|access-date=15 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325075137/http://www.us.es/campus/index.html}}</ref>

More operas have been set in Seville than in any other city of Europe. In 2012, a study of experts concluded the total number of operas set in Seville is 153. Among the composers who fell in love with the city are [[Beethoven]] (''[[Fidelio]]''), [[Mozart]] (''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' and ''[[Don Giovanni]]''), [[Rossini]] (''[[The Barber of Seville]]''), [[Donizetti]] (''[[La favorite]]''), and [[Bizet]] (''[[Carmen]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.terratraditionsconsulting.com/the-explorador/traditions-culture/seville-and-the-opera/|title= Seville and the Opera, a true love affair|author= Mounielou, Jean Francois|publisher= Terra Traditions|date= 21 February 2017|access-date= 20 May 2018|archive-date= 22 May 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112814/https://www.terratraditionsconsulting.com/the-explorador/traditions-culture/seville-and-the-opera/}}</ref>

The first newspaper in Spain outside of Madrid was Seville's ''Hebdomario útil de Seville'', which began publication in 1758.

===Late modern history===
[[File:Muelle y Torre del Oro Sevilla, RP-F-F01139-CY.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|The Torre del Oro and the harbor in the second half of the 19th century]]
Between 1825 and 1833, [[Melchor Cano]] acted as chief architect in Seville; most of the urban planning policy and architectural modifications of the city were made by him and his collaborator Jose Manuel Arjona y Cuba.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Antigüedad del Castillo-Olivares|first=María Dolores|title=El arquitecto Melchor Cano y la teoría de la ciudad. Espacio, Tiempo y Forma|journal=Historia del Arte|year=1990|volume=3|series=VII|pages=417–439|publisher=UNED|location=Madrid}}</ref>

Industrial architecture surviving today from the first half of the 19th century includes the ceramics factory installed in the [[List of Carthusian monasteries|Carthusian monastery]] at [[Isla de La Cartuja|La Cartuja]] in 1841 by the Pickman family, and now home to the El Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo (CAAC),<ref name="al">{{cite book|author=Santiago Cirugeda|title=Collectives Architectures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3Qvay8hgB0C|access-date=2 February 2013|publisher=Vibok Works|isbn=978-84-939058-2-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref> which manages the collections of the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Sevilla.<ref name="NavarroTorres2002">{{cite book|author1=Cristóbal Belda Navarro|author2=María Teresa Marín Torres|title=Quince Miradas Sobre Los Museos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjBGLazWVH4C|access-date=2 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Editum|isbn=978-84-8371-311-2|page=260}}</ref> It also houses the rectory of the UNIA.<ref>{{cite web|title=La UNIA acoge en Sevilla unas jornadas de arteypensamiento sobre Capital y Territorio |url=http://www.unia.es/content/view/3232/164/ |publisher=Universidad Internacional de Andalucía |access-date=2 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108030540/http://www.unia.es/content/view/3232/164/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref>

In the years that Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]] ruled directly, about 1843–1868, the Sevillian bourgeoisie invested in a construction boom unmatched in the city's history. The [[Puente de Isabel II|Isabel II bridge]], better known as the Triana bridge, dates from this period; street lighting was expanded in the municipality and most of the streets were paved during this time as well.<ref name=A>Diego A. Cardoso Bueno: ''Sevilla. El Casco Antiguo. Historia, Arte y Urbanismo''. Ediciones Guadalquivir (2006). {{ISBN|84-8093-154-X}}. Consultado el 24 March 2010</ref>

By the second half of the 19th century, Seville had begun an expansion supported by railway construction and the demolition of part of its ancient walls, allowing the urban space of the city to grow eastward and southward. The ''Sevillana de Electricidad'' Company was created in 1894 to provide electric power throughout the municipality,<ref>Fernández Paradas, Mercedes; ''[http://www.adurcal.com/enlaces/mancomunidad/historia/electri/electri.htm La implantación del alumbrado público de electricidad en la Andalucía del primer del tercio del S. XX]'', Universidad de Málaga, España [04-09-2012].</ref> and in 1901 the ''Plaza de Armas'' railway station was inaugurated.
[[File:Expo sevilla 1929 poster.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.66|Poster for the [[Ibero-American Exposition of 1929]]]]
The [[Museum of Fine Arts of Seville|Museum of Fine Arts]] ''(Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla)'' opened in 1904.

In 1929 the city hosted the [[Ibero-American Exposition of 1929|Ibero-American Exposition]], which accelerated the southern expansion of the city and created new public spaces such as the ''[[Parque de María Luisa]]'' (Maria Luisa Park) and the adjoining [[Plaza de España, Seville|''Plaza de España'']]. Not long before the opening, the Spanish government began a modernisation of the city in order to prepare for the expected crowds by erecting new hotels and widening the mediaeval streets to allow for the movement of automobiles.<ref name="Luce1929">{{cite magazine|author=Henry Robinson Luce|title=Time|magazine=Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CI7AQAAIAAJ|access-date=6 February 2013|volume=13|date=January 1929|page=25}}</ref>
[[File:EL GRAL. VARELA EN UN DISCURSO EN UN BALCÓN. AUTOR- ANÓNIMO.jpg|thumb|right|[[José Enrique Varela|General Varela]] rallying military and civilians in Seville (September 1936)]]
Seville fell very quickly at the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936. General [[Queipo de Llano]] carried out a coup within the city, quickly capturing the city centre.<ref name="Thomas">''The Spanish Civil War'', Hugh Thomas, Penguin, 1961, pp. 221–223, {{ISBN|0-14-013593-6}}</ref> Radio Seville opposed the uprising and called for the peasants to come to the city for arms, while workers' groups established barricades.<ref name="Thomas"/> Queipo then moved to capture Radio Seville, which he used to broadcast propaganda on behalf of the Francoist forces.<ref name="Thomas"/> After the initial takeover of the city, resistance continued among residents of the working-class neighbourhoods for some time, until a series of fierce reprisals took place.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ncWULEubPQC&q=seville+fell+1936&pg=PA93 |title=Lonely Planet Andalucia|via=Google Books |date= 1 January 2007|access-date=10 April 2011|isbn=978-1-74059-973-3|last1=Noble|first1=John|last2=Forsyth|first2=Susan|last3=Maric|first3=Vesna|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications }}</ref>

Under [[Francisco Franco]]'s rule Spain was officially neutral in World War II (although it did collaborate with the [[Axis powers]]),<ref name="Payne2008">{{cite book|author=Stanley G. Payne|title=Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNF0BQO7qKAC&pg=PA123|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12282-4|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Bowen2006">{{cite book|author=Wayne H. Bowen|title=Spain During World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/spainduringworld00bowe_0|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-6515-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/spainduringworld00bowe_0/page/25 25]}}</ref><ref name="Corporation2004">{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|title=History of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9Z3omHy3IC&pg=PA611|date=January 2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7482-1|page=611}}</ref> and like the rest of the country, Seville remained largely economically and culturally isolated from the outside world. In 1953 the shipyard of Seville was opened, eventually employing more than 2,000 workers in the 1970s. Before the existence of wetlands regulation in the Guadalquivir basin, Seville suffered regular heavy flooding; perhaps worst of all were the floods that occurred in November 1961 when the River Tamarguillo, a tributary of the Guadalquivir, overflowed as a result of a prodigious downpour of rain, and Seville was consequently declared a disaster zone.<ref name="PfisterBrázdil2013">{{cite book|author1=Christian Pfister|author2=Rudolf Brázdil|author3=Rüdiger Glaser|title=Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and Its Social Dimension|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLjUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-015-9259-8|page=272}}</ref>

Trade unionism in Seville began during the 1960s with the underground organisational activities of the Workers' Commissions or Comisiones Obreras (CCOO), in factories such as Hytasa, the Astilleros shipyards, Hispano Aviación, etc. Several of the movement's leaders were arrested in 1972, and later sentenced to prison in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Público |date=24 June 2022 |title=Cincuenta años del Proceso 1001: el juicio del franquismo a la clase obrera |url=https://www.publico.es/politica/cincuenta-anos-proceso-1001-juicio-franquismo-clase-obrera.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=www.publico.es |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Tribunal de Orden Público sentencia a prisión a los líderes del sindicato Comisiones Obreras con Marcelino Camacho a la cabeza |url=https://lahemerotecadelbuitre.com/piezas/el-tribunal-de-orden-publico-sentencia-a-penas-de-carcel-a-los-lideres-del-sindicato-comunista-comisiones-obreras-a-la-cabeza/ |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=La Hemeroteca del Buitre |language=es}}</ref>

=== Recent developments ===
On 3 April 1979 Spain held its first democratic municipal elections after the end of Franco's dictatorship; councillors representing four different political parties were elected in Seville. On 5 November 1982, [[Pope John Paul II]] arrived in Seville to officiate at a Mass before more than half a million people at the fairgrounds. He visited the city again on 13 June 1993, for the International Eucharistic Congress.

[[File:Expo Sevilla002.jpg|thumb|European Union pavilion of the [[Seville Expo '92|1992 Universal Exposition]] as it was at the time.]]
In 1992, coinciding with the fifth centenary of the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|Discovery of the Americas]], the [[Seville Expo '92|Universal Exposition]] was held for six months in Seville, on the occasion of which the local communications network and urban infrastructure was greatly improved under a 1987 [[PGOU]] plan launched by Mayor [[Manuel del Valle]]:<ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=Muere Manuel del Valle, el exalcalde de Sevilla que rediseñó la ciudad |url=https://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-muere-manuel-valle-exalcalde-sevilla-rediseno-ciudad-202003262158_noticia.html |work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]] |date=27 March 2020 |access-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414030349/https://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-muere-manuel-valle-exalcalde-sevilla-rediseno-ciudad-202003262158_noticia.html |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> the SE-30 ring road around the city was completed and new highways were constructed; the new [[Seville-Santa Justa railway station]] had opened in 1991, while the Spanish High-Speed Rail system, the ''[[Alta Velocidad Española]]'' (AVE), began to operate between Madrid-Seville. The [[Seville Airport]] was expanded with a new terminal building designed by the architect [[Rafael Moneo]], and various other improvements were made. The [[Puente del Alamillo|Alamillo Bridge]] and the [[Centenario Bridge]], both crossing over the Guadalquivir, also were built for the occasion. Some of the installations remaining at the site after the exposition were converted into the Scientific and Technological Park [[Cartuja 93]].

In 2004 the Metropol Parasol project, commonly known as ''Las Setas'' ('The Mushrooms'), due to the appearance of the structure, was launched to revitalise the ''Plaza de la Encarnación'', for years used as a car park and seen as a dead spot between more popular tourist destinations in the city. The Metropol Parasol was completed in March 2011,<ref>{{cite news|author=Rowan Moore |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/mar/27/metropol-parasol-seville-mayer-review |title=Metropol Parasol, Seville by Jürgen Mayer H – review &#124; Art and design |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> costing just over €102&nbsp;million in total, more than twice as much as originally planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/20120508/sevilla/sevi-factura-final-setas-millones-201205072258.html|title=La factura final de las "setas" es de 102 millones, el doble de lo presupuestado|last=barba|first=eduardo|website=ABC de Sevilla|access-date=2 March 2016|date=7 May 2012}}</ref> Constructed from crossed wooden beams, ''Las Setas'' is said to be the largest timber-framed structure in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andalucia.com/cities/seville/metropol-parasol.htm|title=Metropol Parasol Urban Project in Seville|website=Andalucia.com|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref>

{{wide image|Espacio_Parasol_Sevilla.jpg|800px|''[[Metropol Parasol]]'', locally also known as ''Las Setas,'' by the German architect [[Jürgen Mayer]]}}