Editing Separation of church and state (section)

===Reformation===
At the beginning of the Protestant [[Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] articulated a [[doctrine of the two kingdoms]]. According to [[James Madison]], perhaps one of the most important American proponents of the separation of church and state, Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms marked the beginning of the modern conception of separation of church and state.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersandother01madigoog |title=Madison to Schaeffer, 1821 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott & Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersandother01madigoog/page/n311 242]–243 |year=1865|last1=Madison |first1=James }}</ref>

[[Image:PapalPolitics2.JPG|left|thumb|''Antichristus'', a woodcut by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler]]

Those of the [[Radical Reformation]] (the [[Anabaptist]]s) took Luther's ideas in new directions, most notably in the writings of [[Michael Sattler]] (1490–1527), who agreed with Luther that there were two kingdoms, but differed in arguing that these two kingdoms should be separate, and hence baptized believers should not vote, serve in public office or participate in any other way with the "kingdom of the world". While there was a diversity of views in the early days of the Radical Reformation, in time Sattler's perspective became the normative position for most Anabaptists in the coming centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhsc.ca/index.php?content=http://www.mhsc.ca/mennos/bchurchstate.htm|title=MHSC|website=www.mhsc.ca|access-date=2022-05-11|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501010110/https://mhsc.ca/index.php?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhsc.ca%2Fmennos%2Fbchurchstate.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Anabaptists came to teach that religion should never be compelled by state power, approaching the issue of church-state relations primarily from the position of protecting the church from the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-28/1525-anabaptist-movement-begins.html|title=1525 The Anabaptist Movement Begins|website=Christian History &#124; Learn the History of Christianity & the Church|date=October 1990 |access-date=2022-05-11|archive-date=2022-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510124449/https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-28/1525-anabaptist-movement-begins.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Church-State_Relations|title=Church-State Relations – GAMEO|website=gameo.org|access-date=2017-03-23|archive-date=2017-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323145256/http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Church-State_Relations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bender, H. S. "The Anabaptists and Religious Liberty in the Sixteenth Century." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review'' 29 (1955): 83–100.</ref>

In 1534, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], angered by the [[Pope Clement VII]]'s refusal to annul his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]], decided to break with the Church and set himself as ruler of the [[Church of England]], unifying the feudal Clerical and Crown hierarchies under a single monarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html|title=Henry VIII: 1509–47 AD|publisher=Britannia History|access-date=2008-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320002225/http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html|archive-date=2008-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> With periodic intermission, under Mary, Oliver Cromwell, and James II, the monarchs of Great Britain have retained ecclesiastical authority in the Church of England, since 1534, having the current title, ''[[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]''. The 1654 settlement, under [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[Commonwealth of England]], temporarily replaced Bishops and Clerical courts, with a [[Commission of Triers]], and juries of Ejectors, to appoint and punish clergy in the English Commonwealth, later extended to cover Scotland. [[Penal law (British)|Penal Laws]] requiring ministers, and public officials to swear oaths and follow the Established faith, were disenfranchised, fined, imprisoned, or executed, for not conforming.

One of the results of the persecution in England was that some people fled Great Britain to be able to worship as they wished. After the American Colonies [[American Revolutionary War|revolted]] against [[George III of the United Kingdom]], the [[Establishment Clause]] regarding the concept of the separation of church and state was developed but was never part of the original US Constitution.