Editing Self-esteem (section)

==Measurement==
Self-esteem is typically assessed using self-report inventories.

One of the most widely used instruments, the [[Rosenberg self-esteem scale]] (RSES)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=M. |year=1965 |title=Society and the adolescent self-image |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400876136 |isbn=978-1400876136 }}</ref> is a 10-item self-esteem scale score that requires participants to indicate their level of agreement with a series of statements about themselves. An alternative measure, the Coopersmith Inventory uses a 50-question battery over a variety of topics and asks subjects whether they rate someone as similar or dissimilar to themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/selfesteem.php#measurement|title=MacArthur SES & Health Network – Research|website=Macses.ucsf.edu|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=11 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711155858/http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/selfesteem.php#measurement|url-status=dead}}</ref> If a subject's answers demonstrate solid self-regard, the scale regards them as well adjusted. If those answers reveal some inner shame, it considers them to be prone to social deviance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slater |first=Lauren |title=The Trouble With Self-Esteem |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 Feb 2002 |access-date=27 Nov 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/03/magazine/the-trouble-with-self-esteem.html }}</ref>

Implicit measures of self-esteem began to be used in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bosson J.K. |author2=Swann W.B. |author3=Pennebaker J.W. | year = 2000 | title = Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?. | journal = Journal of Personality & Social Psychology | volume = 79 | issue = 4| pages = 631–643 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631|citeseerx=10.1.1.371.9919 | pmid = 11045743 }}</ref> 
These rely on indirect measures of [[cognitive processing]] thought to be linked to [[implicit self-esteem]], including the ''[[Name letter effect|name letter task]]'' (or ''initial preference task'')<ref>Koole, S. L., & Pelham, B. W. (2003). "On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect". In S. Spencer, S. Fein, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), ''Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium'' (pp. 93–116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 | author1= Stieger, S. |author2= Burger, C.
 | year = 2013
 | title = More complex than previously thought: New insights into the optimal administration of the Initial Preference Task.
 | journal = Self and Identity | volume = 12
 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–216
 | doi = 10.1080/15298868.2012.655897 
 |s2cid= 142080983
 | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15298868.2012.655897
 }}
</ref> and the Implicit Association Task.<ref>
{{cite journal
 | author1= Greenwald, A. G. |author2= McGhee, D. E.
 | author3= Schwartz, J. L. K.  
 | year = 1998
 | title = Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test.
 | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 74
 | issue = 6 | pages = 1464–1480
 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 | pmid= 9654756
 |s2cid= 7840819
 | url = https://faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf
 }}
</ref>

Such indirect measures are designed to reduce awareness of the process of assessment. When using them to assess implicit self-esteem, psychologists apply self-relevant stimuli to the participant and then measure how quickly a person identifies positive or negative stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hetts J.J. |author2=Sakuma M. |author3=Pelham B.W. | year = 1999 | title = Two roads to positive regard: Implicit and explicit self-evaluation and culture | journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 512–559 | doi=10.1006/jesp.1999.1391}}</ref> For example, if a woman was given the self-relevant stimuli of female and mother, psychologists would measure how quickly she identified the negative word, evil, or the positive word, kind.