Editing Self (section)

==Sociology==
[[Culture]] consists of explicit and implicit patterns of historically derived and selected ideas and their embodiment in institutions, cognitive and social practices, and artifacts.  Cultural systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other, as conditioning elements of further action.<ref>Kroeber & Kluckholn, 1963, p.&nbsp;357</ref> The way individuals construct themselves may be different due to their culture.<ref name="kanagawa-et-al-2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kanagawa |first1=Chie |last2=Cross |first2=Susan E. |last3=Markus |first3=Hazel Rose |title="Who Am I?": The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |date=2001 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=90–103|doi=10.1177/0146167201271008 |s2cid=145634514 }}</ref>

[[Hazel Rose Markus]] and [[Shinobu Kitayama]]'s theory of the interdependent self hypothesizes that representations of the self in human cultures fall on a continuum from ''independent'' to ''interdependent''. The independent self is supposed to be egoistic, unique, separated from the various contexts, critical in judgment, and prone to self-expression. The interdependent self is supposed to be altruistic, similar with the others, flexible according to contexts, conformist, and unlikely to express opinions that would disturb the harmony of his or her group of belonging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Markus|first1=Hazel R.|last2=Kitayama|first2=Shinobu| date=April 1991| title=Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=98| issue=2| pages=224–253| doi=10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224| s2cid=13606371| issn=1939-1471}}</ref> However, this theory has been criticized by other sociologists, including [[David Matsumoto]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matsumoto|first=David|date=December 1999|title=Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construals|journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology| volume=2| issue=3| pages=289–310| doi=10.1111/1467-839x.00042|issn=1367-2223}}</ref> for being based on popular stereotypes and myths about different cultures rather than on rigorous scientific research. A 2016 study<ref name=Vignoles-et-al-2016>{{Cite journal|last=Vignoles|first=Vivian L.|display-authors=etal|date=2016|title=Beyond the 'East–West' Dichotomy: Global Variation in Cultural Models of Selfhood| journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General| volume=145| issue=8| pages=966–1000| doi=10.1037/xge0000175| pmid=27359126| hdl=11693/36711|s2cid=296518 |url= https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/xge-xge0000175.pdf}}</ref> of 10,203 participants from 55 cultural groups also failed to find a correlation between the postulating series of causal links between culture and self-construals, finding instead that correlations between traits varied both across cultures did not correlate with Markus & Kitayama's identifications of "independent" or "interdependent" self.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vignoles|first1=Vivian L.|last2=Smith|first2=Peter B.|last3=Becker|first3=Maja|last4=Easterbrook|first4=Matthew J.|date=2018-06-21|title=In Search of a Pan-European Culture: European Values, Beliefs, and Models of Selfhood in Global Perspective|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology| volume=49| issue=6| pages=868–887| doi=10.1177/0022022117738751| s2cid=149371650| issn=0022-0221| url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70436/1/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_ellenaj_Desktop_SRO_after%20august_Europe%20paper%20manuscript%20for%20production.pdf}}</ref>