Editing Sedevacantism (section)

== Positions ==

=== Origin ===
{{Missing information|section|who, when and in what circumstances started the movement|date=December 2023}}
Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejections of theological and disciplinary changes implemented following the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965).<ref>{{citation | first1 = Patrick | last1 = Madrid| author1-link = Patrick Madrid | first2 = Peter | last2 = Vere | title = More Catholic Than the Pope: An Inside Look at Extreme Traditionalism | page = 169 | publisher = Our Sunday Visitor | year = 2004 | isbn = 1931709262}}</ref> Sedevacantists reject this Council, on the basis of their interpretations of its documents on [[ecumenism]] and [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]], among others, which they see as contradicting the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and as denying the unique mission of Catholicism as the [[one true religion]], [[Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus|outside of which there is no salvation]].<ref>[[Edward Jarvis (author)|Jarvis, E.]] ''Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc,'' Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 8–10.</ref> They also say that new disciplinary norms, such as the [[Mass of Paul VI]] promulgated on 3 April 1969, undermine or conflict with the historical Catholic faith and are deemed [[Blasphemy|blasphemous]], while post-Vatican II teachings, particularly those related to ecumenism, are labelled [[Heresy in the Catholic Church|heresies]].<ref>{{citation | first = Frank K | last = Flinn | title = Encyclopedia of Catholicism | page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000flin/page/566 566] | publisher = Facts on File | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0816054558 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000flin/page/566 }}</ref> They conclude, on the basis of their rejection of the [[Mass of Paul VI|revised Mass rite]] and of postconciliar church teaching as false, that the popes involved are also false.<ref name=IUP /> Among even [[traditionalist Catholics]],<ref name=UCP /><ref name=HDC>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC&pg=PA399 | first = William J | last = Collinge | title = Historical Dictionary of Catholicism | publisher = Scarecrow | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0810879799 | page = 566}}</ref> this is a quite divisive question.<ref name=IUP /><ref name= UCP />

Traditionalist Catholics who are not sedevacantists recognize the line of popes leading to and including [[Pope Leo XIV]] as legitimate.<ref>{{citation | first = David | last = Gibson | title = The Rule of Benedict: Pope Benedict XVI and His Battle with the Modern World | page = 355 | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0061161223}}</ref> Sedevacantists, however, claim that the infallible [[Magisterium]] of the Catholic Church could not have decreed the changes made in the name of the Second Vatican Council, and conclude those who issued these changes could not have been acting with the authority of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{citation | first1 = Martin E | last1 = Marty | first2 = R. Scott | last2 = Appleby | title = Fundamentalisms Observed | page = 66 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 0226508781}}</ref> Accordingly, they hold that [[Pope John XXIII]] and his successors [[Apostasy in Christianity|have left]] the true Catholic Church and thus lost legitimate authority. A [[Heresy in the Catholic Church#Formal and material heresy|notorious heretic]], they say, cannot be the Catholic pope.<ref>{{citation | first = Daniel | last = Wójcik | title = The End of the World As We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America | page = 86 | publisher = New York University Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 0814792839}}</ref>

=== Justification ===
While sedevacantist arguments often hinge on interpretations of [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernism]] as being a [[Heresy in the Catholic Church|heresy]], this is also debated.{{Clarify|reason=What exactly is debated? and debated by whom?|date=November 2023}}<ref>Jarvis, E. ''Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc,'' Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 152–53.</ref>

=== Positions within sedevacantism ===
{{Primary sources section|find=Sedevacantism|find2=ideology|date=December 2021}}

==== Clergy, Mass, and sacraments ====
Some sedevacantists accept the consecrations and ordinations of sedevacantist bishops and priests, and the offering of Masses and the administration of sacraments by the said bishops and priests, to be [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|licit]] because of ''epikea'',<ref name="Pivarunas1">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-22 |title=Episcopal Consecration During Interregnums |url=https://cmri.org/articles-on-the-traditional-catholic-faith/episcopal-consecration-during-interregnums/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Pivarunas2">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-22 |title=The Consecration of Bishops During Interregna |url=https://cmri.org/articles-on-the-traditional-catholic-faith/the-consecration-of-bishops-during-interregna/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Rev. [[Anthony Cekada]]. [http://www.traditionalmass.org/articles/article.php?id=14&catname=1 "Canon Law and Common Sense"].</ref> i.e. "the interpretation of the mind and will of him who made the law".<ref>Rev. Henry Davis. "Moral and Pastoral Theology", vol. 1, p. 188.</ref> In this case, the [[Canon law|ecclesiastical laws]] (e.g. prohibition of consecrations of bishops without papal mandate; prohibition of administration of sacraments without ecclesiastical authorization) are interpreted to cease when to follow them would be impossible, harmful, or unreasonable, or would mean transgressing [[Divine law|divine laws]] (e.g. the church must have bishops and priests; Catholics must attend Mass and receive the sacraments), and because of a historical precedent for consecrating Catholic bishops during a long vacancy of the Holy See.<ref name="Pivarunas1"/><ref name="Pivarunas2"/>

==== Liturgy ====
[[Anthony Cekada]] considers that a question among sedevacantists is whether it is permissible to go to {{lang|la|"una cum"}} Masses. These are Traditional Latin Masses naming the man considered by the majority of Catholics as the Pope in the [[Roman Canon]] in the {{lang|la|"Te igitur"}} prayer, specifically where the priest says {{lang|la|"una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro N"}} (“together with Your Servant N., our Pope.”) Cekada argues that it is not, under any circumstances, permissible.<ref>Rev. [[Anthony Cekada]]. [http://www.traditionalmass.org/images/articles/SedesUnCum.pdf "The Grain of Incense: Sedevacantists and Una Cum Masses"]. November 2007.</ref>

==== Relationship to sedeprivationism ====
In contrast to sedevacantists, [[sedeprivationism|sedeprivationists]] affirm the [[Thesis of Cassiciacum]] by the [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] theologian Bishop [[Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers]] as being a valid position, which states that John XXIII and his successors are popes {{lang|la|materialiter sed non formaliter}} (“[[Hylomorphism|materially but not formally]]”), and that post-Vatican II popes will become legitimate once they recant their heresies.

This position is endorsed by the {{lang|la|[[Istituto Mater Boni Consilii]]}}.<ref>[[Istituto Mater Boni Consilii]] (IMBC). [https://www.sodalitiumpianum.com/who-we-are/ "Who we are"]. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</ref>