Editing Secure cryptoprocessor (section)

==History==
{{Further|Hardware security module#History}}

The [[hardware security module]] (HSM), a type of secure cryptoprocessor,<ref name="f5"/><ref name="Gregg"/> was invented by [[Egyptian-American]] engineer [[Mohamed M. Atalla]],<ref name="Stiennon">{{cite web |last1=Stiennon |first1=Richard |title=Key Management a Fast Growing Space |url=https://securitycurrent.com/key-management-a-fast-growing-space/ |website=SecurityCurrent |publisher=IT-Harvest |access-date=21 August 2019 |date=17 June 2014}}</ref> in 1972.<ref name="Langford">{{cite web |last1=Langford |first1=Susan |title=ATM Cash-out Attacks |url=https://h41382.www4.hpe.com/gfs-shared/20140318153228.pdf |website=[[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |year=2013 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> He invented a high security module dubbed the "Atalla Box" which encrypted [[Personal identification number|PIN]] and [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key.<ref name="Lazo">{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |title=Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191085574 |pages=284 & 311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284}}</ref> In 1972, he filed a [[patent]] for the device.<ref name="nist">{{cite web |title=The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program |url=https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf |website=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |date=October 2001 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830020822/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He founded [[Atalla Corporation]] (now [[Utimaco Atalla]]) that year,<ref name="Langford"/> and commercialized the "Atalla Box" the following year,<ref name="Lazo"/> officially as the Identikey system.<ref name="Computerworld1978">{{cite journal |title=ID System Designed as NCR 270 Upgrade |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=13 February 1978 |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB-Te8d5hO8C&pg=PA49 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> It was a [[card reader]] and [[Identity verification service|customer identification system]], consisting of a [[card reader]] console, two customer [[PIN pad]]s, intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package.<ref name="Computerworld1978"/> It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a [[microprocessor]], into another code for the teller.<ref name="Computerworld1976">{{cite journal |title=Four Products for On-Line Transactions Unveiled |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=26 January 1976 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9H-xL4sZAC&pg=PA3 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> During a [[Financial transaction|transaction]], the customer's [[Bank card number|account number was read by the card reader]].<ref name="Computerworld1978"/> It was a success, and led to the wide use of high security modules.<ref name="Lazo"/>

Fearful that Atalla would dominate the market, banks and [[credit card]] companies began working on an international standard in the 1970s.<ref name="Lazo"/> The [[IBM 3624]], launched in the late 1970s, adopted a similar PIN verification process to the earlier Atalla system.<ref name="Konheim">{{cite journal |last1=Konheim |first1=Alan G. |title=Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols |journal=Journal of Cryptographic Engineering |date=1 April 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 |s2cid=1706990 |url=https://slideheaven.com/automated-teller-machines-their-history-and-authentication-protocols.html |issn=2190-8516}}</ref> Atalla was an early competitor to [[IBM]] in the banking security market.<ref name="nist"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cryptocurrency Charts - Prices.org |url=https://prices.org/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Cryptocurrency Live - Prices.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976, Atalla unveiled an upgrade to its Identikey system, called the Interchange Identikey. It added the capabilities of [[online transaction processing|processing]] [[online transactions]] and dealing with [[network security]]. Designed with the focus of taking [[bank transactions]] [[online]], the Identikey system was extended to shared-facility operations. It was consistent and compatible with various [[packet switching|switching]] [[Computer network|networks]], and was capable of resetting itself electronically to any one of 64,000 irreversible [[Nonlinearity|nonlinear]] [[algorithms]] as directed by [[Card Transaction Data|card data]] information. The Interchange Identikey device was released in March 1976.<ref name="Computerworld1976"/> Later in 1979, Atalla introduced the first [[network processor|network security processor]] (NSP).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burkey |first1=Darren |title=Data Security Overview |url=http://www.gtug.de/HotSpot2018/download/Presentation/C108-Burkey.pdf |publisher=[[Micro Focus]] |date=May 2018 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> Atalla's HSM products protect 250{{nbsp}}million [[Card Transaction Data|card transactions]] every day as of 2013,<ref name="Langford"/> and secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions as of 2014.<ref name="Stiennon"/>