Editing Second Chechen War (section)

===Soviet Union===
Following the [[Russian Revolution|Russian Revolution of 1917]], [[Chechens]] established a short-lived Caucasian [[Imamate]] which included parts of [[Chechnya]], [[Dagestan]] and [[Ingushetia]]; there was also the [[Secularity|secular]] [[Pan-Caucasianism|pan-Caucasian]] [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]].<ref>Armstrong, Patrick. "Conflict in Chechnya: A Background Perspective." ''Journal of Conflict Studies.'' November 1999; Evangelista, Matthew. ''The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?'' Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8157-2498-5}}; Dunlop, John B. ''Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-521-63184-X}}; Seely, Robert. ''Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace.'' Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7146-4992-9}}.</ref> Most of the resistance was defeated by [[Bolshevik]] troops by 1922. Then, months before the creation of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Chechen Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Russian SFSR]] was established. It annexed a part of territory of the former [[Terek Cossack Host]]. Chechnya and neighboring Ingushetia formed the [[Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Checheno–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1936. In 1941, during [[World War II]], a [[1940-1944 Chechnya insurgency|small-scale Chechen revolt]] broke out, led by [[Hasan Israilov]]. In 1944, the entire Chechen people [[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|were deported]] to the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] and [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz SSR]] in an act of [[ethnic cleansing]]; this was done under the false pretext of Chechen mass collaboration with [[Nazi Germany]]. An estimated 1/4 to 1/3 of the Chechen population perished due the harsh conditions.<ref>In one estimate, based on a report by [[Lavrenti Beria]] to [[Joseph Stalin]], 150,000 of 478,479 deported Ingush and [[Chechen people]] (or 31.3 percent) died within the first four years of the resettlement. See: Kleveman, Lutz. ''The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia.'' Jackson, Tenn.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-87113-906-5}}. Another scholar puts the number of deaths at 22.7 percent: Extrapolating from [[NKVD]] records, 113,000 Ingush and Chechens died (3,000 before deportation, 10,000 during deportation, and 100,000 after resettlement) in the first three years of the resettlement out of 496,460 total deportees. See: Naimark, Norman M. ''Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-674-00994-0}}. A third source says a quarter of the 650,000 deported Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Kalmyks died within four years of resettlement. See: Mawdsley, Evan. ''The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953.'' Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7190-6377-9}}. However, estimates of the number of deportees sometimes varies widely. Two scholars estimated the number of Chechen and Ingush deportees at 700,000, which would halve the percentage estimates of deaths. See: Fischer, Ruth and Leggett, John C. ''Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party.'' Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|0-87855-822-5}}</ref><ref>Conquest, Robert. ''The Nation Killers.'' New York: Macmillan, 1970. {{ISBN|0-333-10575-3}}</ref><ref>The [[European Parliament]] recognized this as an act of [[genocide]] on 26 February 2004.[http://www.massviolence.org/The-Massive-Deportation-of-the-Chechen-People-How-and-why?artpage=8#outil_sommaire_5 Campana, Aurélie. "Case Study: The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported." Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. November 2007.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174909/http://www.massviolence.org/The-Massive-Deportation-of-the-Chechen-People-How-and-why?artpage=8#outil_sommaire_5 |date=6 March 2016 }} Accessed 11 August 2008; [http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=9f271375-e372-4ce9-acb0-64ce7bf80458 Nurbiyev, Aslan. "Relocation of Chechen 'Genocide' Memorial Opens Wounds." ''Agence France Press.'' 4 June 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185101/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=9f271375-e372-4ce9-acb0-64ce7bf80458 |date=2 December 2008 }}; Jaimoukha, Amjad M. ''The Chechens: A Handbook.'' Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 2005. {{ISBN|0-415-32328-2}}.</ref> Many scholars recognize the deportation as an act of [[genocide]], as did the [[European Parliament]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texts adopted - Thursday, 26 February 2004 - EU-Russia relations - P5_TA(2004)0121|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P5-TA-2004-0121|access-date=9 August 2020|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412125329/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P5-TA-2004-0121|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2012|title=UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/438|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604125012/http://www.unpo.org/article/438|archive-date=4 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Узел|first=Кавказский|title=European Parliament recognizes deportation of Chechens and Ingushetians ordered by Stalin as genocide|url=https://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/2288/|access-date=9 August 2020|website=Caucasian Knot|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419184033/https://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/2288/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992 the separatist government built a [[Memorial to the Victims of the Deportation of 1944|memorial dedicated to the victims of the acts of 1944]]. The pro-Russian government would later demolish this memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|author=Алексей Андреев|title=Память не слышит приказы сверху|url=http://wordyou.ru/v-rossii/pamyat-ne-slyshit-prikazy-sverxu|date=18 February 2014|website=Слово без границ|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010535/http://wordyou.ru/v-rossii/pamyat-ne-slyshit-prikazy-sverxu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|author=Елена Снежная|title=В Грозном убирают Мемориал памяти жертв сталинской депортации|url=http://novayagazeta-ug.ru/news/u3327/2014/02/15/41199|date=15 February 2014|website=ЮГ|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714002019/http://novayagazeta-ug.ru/news/u3327/2014/02/15/41199|archive-date=14 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tombstones which were an integral part of the memorial were found planted on the [[Akhmat Kadyrov Square|Akhmad Kadyrov Square]] next to granite steles honoring the losses of the local pro-Russian power.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|author1=Муслим Ибрагимов|author2=Александр Иванов|title=Чеченские власти демонтируют Мемориал памяти жертв депортации в Грозном|url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/238169|date=14 February 2014|website=Кавказский узел|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714002018/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/238169/|url-status=live}}</ref>