Editing Scoliosis (section)

===Resulting from other conditions===
Secondary scoliosis due to [[neuropathic]] and [[myopathic]] conditions can lead to a loss of muscular support for the spinal column so that the spinal column is pulled in abnormal directions.{{citation needed |date=February 2021}} Some conditions which may cause secondary scoliosis include [[muscular dystrophy]], [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[cerebral palsy]], spinal cord trauma, and [[myotonia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trontelj JV, Pecak F, Dimitrijević MR | title = Segmental neurophysiological mechanisms in scoliosis | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume | volume = 61-B | issue = 3 | pages = 310–313 | date = August 1979 | pmid = 479254 | doi = 10.1302/0301-620x.61b3.479254 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>POSNA. (2014). Neuromuscular Scoliosis. The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. {{cite web |url=http://www.posna.org/education/StudyGuide/neuromuscularScoliosis.asp |title=Neuromuscular Scoliosis - POSNA |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521234840/http://www.posna.org/education/StudyGuide/neuromuscularScoliosis.asp |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Scoliosis often presents itself, or worsens, during an adolescent's growth spurt and is more often diagnosed in females than males.<ref name=trobisch-2010/>

Scoliosis associated with known syndromes is often subclassified as "syndromic scoliosis".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chung AS, Renfree S, Lockwood DB, Karlen J, Belthur M | title = Syndromic Scoliosis: National Trends in Surgical Management and Inpatient Hospital Outcomes: A 12-Year Analysis | journal = Spine | volume = 44 | issue = 22 | pages = 1564–1570 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31689252 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003134 | s2cid = 201175687 }}</ref> Scoliosis can be associated with <!-- add in alphanumeric order -->[[amniotic band syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Komazec |first1= Jovan |last2= Matic |first2= Aleksandra |date= 2009 |title= Amniotic Band Syndrome |url= https://publisher.medfak.ni.ac.rs/AMM_1/amm-stari/2009-html/2-broj/AMNIOTIC%20BAND%20SYNDROME.pdf |journal= Acta Medica Medianae |volume= 48 |issue= 2 |pages= 44–48 |access-date= 2023-01-29}}</ref> [[Arnold–Chiari malformation]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354010 |title= Chiari malformation |website= mayoclinic.org |publisher= [[Mayo Clinic]] |access-date= 2023-01-29}}</ref> [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marchesi |first1= Chiara |last2= Pareyson |first2= Davide |date= 2009 |title= Diagnosis, natural history, and management of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease |url= http://new.c-m-t.cz/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Diagnosis-natural-history-and-management-of-Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth-disease.pdf |journal= [[The Lancet Neurology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 7 |pages= 654–667 |doi= 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70110-3 |pmid= 19539237 |s2cid= 665324 |access-date= 2023-01-29 |archive-date= 4 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230204185833/http://new.c-m-t.cz/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Diagnosis-natural-history-and-management-of-Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth-disease.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[cerebral palsy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Krigger |first1= Karen W. |date= 2006 |title= Cerebral Palsy: An Overview |url= https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0101/p91.html |journal= [[American Family Physician]] |volume= 73 |issue= 1 |pages= 91–100 |pmid= 16417071 |access-date= 2023-01-29}}</ref> [[congenital diaphragmatic hernia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Chandraekharan |first1= Praveen Kumar |last2= Lakshminrusimha |first2= Satyan |last3= Madappa |first3= Rajeshwari |last4= Rawat |first4= Munmun |last5= Rothstein |first5= David H. |date= 2017 |title= Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia - a review |journal= Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology |volume= 3|page= 6 |doi= 10.1186/s40748-017-0045-1 |pmid= 28331629 |pmc= 5356475 |doi-access= free }}</ref> [[connective tissue disorder]]s,<ref name= Hresko>{{cite journal |last1= Hresko |first1= M. Timothy |date= 2013 |title= Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents |url= https://pedclerk.uchicago.edu/sites/pedclerk.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/scoliosis_0.pdf |journal= [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume= 368 |issue= 9 |pages= 834–841 |doi= 10.1056/NEJMcp1209063 |pmid= 23445094 |access-date= 2023-01-29 |archive-date= 29 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230129193408/https://pedclerk.uchicago.edu/sites/pedclerk.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/scoliosis_0.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[muscular dystrophy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Aartsma-Ra |first1= Annemieke |last2= Duan |first2= Dongsheng |last3= Goemans |first3= Nathalie |last4= Mercuri |first4= Eugenio |last5= Takeda |first5= Shin'ichi |date= 2021 |title= Duchenne muscular dystrophy |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00248-3 |journal= [[Nature Reviews Disease Primers]] |volume= 7}}</ref> [[familial dysautonomia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Fuente-Mora |first1= Cristina |last2= Kauffman |first2= Horacio |last3= Mendoza-Santiesteban |first3= Carlos |last4= Norcliffe-Kauffman |first4= Lucy |last5= Palma |first5= Jose-Alberto |last6= Percival |first6= Leila |date= 2014 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267043910|title= Current treatments in familial dysautonomia |journal= [[Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy]] |volume= 15 |issue= 18 |pages= 2653–2671 |doi= 10.1517/14656566.2014.970530 |pmid= 25323828 |pmc= 4236240 |access-date= 2023-01-29}}</ref> [[CHARGE syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Blake |first1= Kim D |last2= Prasad |first2= Chitra |date= 2006 |title= CHARGE syndrome |journal= [[Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases]] |volume= 1 |page= 34 |doi= 10.1186/1750-1172-1-34 |pmid= 16959034 |pmc= 1586184 |doi-access= free }}</ref> [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]<ref name= Hresko /> (hyperflexibility, "floppy baby" syndrome, and other variants of the condition), [[fragile X syndrome]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Fragile X syndrome|url=http://www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/learning-disability/fragile-x-syndrome-ld.shtml|publisher=Department for Work and Pensions, UK|access-date=29 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202707/http://www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/learning-disability/fragile-x-syndrome-ld.shtml|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davids JR, Hagerman RJ, Eilert RE | title = Orthopaedic aspects of fragile-X syndrome | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | volume = 72 | issue = 6 | pages = 889–896 | date = July 1990 | pmid = 2195034 | doi = 10.2106/00004623-199072060-00015 }}</ref> [[Friedreich's ataxia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Delatycki |first1= Martin B |last2= Forrest |first2= Susan M |last3= Williamson |first3= Robert |date= 2000 |title= Freidreich ataxia: an overview |url= https://jmg.bmj.com/content/jmedgenet/37/1/1.full.pdf |journal= [[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume= 37 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–8 |doi= 10.1136/jmg.37.1.1 |pmid= 10633128 |pmc= 1734457 |access-date= 2023-01-30}}</ref> [[hemihypertrophy]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4044/hemihypertrophy |title= Hemihypertrophy |last= Sheth |first= Ujash |date= 2021 |website= www.orthobullets.com |publisher= OrthoBullets |access-date= 2023-01-31}}</ref> [[Loeys–Dietz syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Black |first1= James H. |last2= Bowdin |first2= Sarah |last3= Dietz |first3= Harry C. |last4= El-Hamamsy |first4= Ismail |last5= Frischmeyer-Guerrerio |first5= Pamela A. |last6= Guerrerio |first6= Anthony L. |last7= Loeys |first7= Bart |last8= MacCarrick |first8= Gretchen |last9= Sponseller |first9= Paul D |date= 2014 |title= Loeys-Dietz syndrome: a primer for diagnosis and management |journal= [[Genetics in Medicine]] |volume= 16 |issue= 8 |pages= 576–587 |doi= 10.1038/gim.2014.11 |pmid= 24577266 |pmc= 4131122 }}</ref> [[Marfan syndrome]],<ref name= Hresko /> [[nail–patella syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Fryer |first1= G |last2= Green |first2= A |last3= McIntosh |first3= I |last4= Mountford |first4= R |last5= Sweeney |first5= E |date= 2003 |title= Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology |url= https://jmg.bmj.com/content/jmedgenet/40/3/153.full.pdf |journal= [[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume= 40 |issue= 3 |pages= 153–162 |doi= 10.1136/jmg.40.3.153 |pmid= 12624132 |pmc= 1735400 |access-date= 2023-01-30}}</ref> [[neurofibromatosis]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Boyd |first1= Kevin P. |last2= Korf |first2= Bruce R. |last3= Theos |first3= Amy |date= 2009 |title= Neurofibromatosis type 1 |journal= [[Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology]] |volume= 61 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–16 |doi= 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.051 |pmid= 19539839 |pmc= 2716546 }}</ref> [[osteogenesis imperfecta]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Glorieux |first1= Francis H |last2= Rauch |first2= Frank |date= 2004 |title= Osteogenesis imperfecta |url= http://publicationslist.org.s3.amazonaws.com/data/frauch/ref-67/Rauch%20OI%20review%20Lancet%202004.pdf |journal= [[The Lancet]] |volume= 363 |issue= 9418 |pages= 1377–1385 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16051-0 |pmid= 15110498 |s2cid= 24081895 |access-date= 2023-01-30}}</ref> [[Prader–Willi syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Cassidy |first1= Suzanne B. |last2= Driscoll |first2= Daniel J. |last3= Miller |first3= Jennifer L. |last4= Schwartz |first4= Stuart |date= 2012 |title= Prader-Willi syndrome |journal= [[Genetics in Medicine]] |volume= 14 |issue= 1 |pages= 10–26 |doi= 10.1038/gim.0b013e31822bead0 |pmid= 22237428 |s2cid= 19992 |doi-access= free }}</ref> [[proteus syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Biesecker |first1= Leslie G. |last2= Choyke |first2= Peter L. |last3= Jamis-Dow |first3= Carlos A. |last4= Turner |first4= Joyce |date= 2004 |title= Radiologic Manifestations of Proteus Syndrome |url= https://www.proteus-syndrome.org/uploads/1/1/4/6/114696341/compressed_jamis-dow_et_al.pdf |journal= RadioGraphics |volume= 24 |issue= 4 |pages= 1051–1068 |doi= 10.1148/rg.244035726 |pmid= 15256628 |access-date= 2023-01-31}}</ref> [[spina bifida]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Adzick |first1= N Scott |last2= Melchionne |first2= Jeanne |last3= Mitchell |first3= Laura E |last4= Pasquariello |first4= Patrick S |last5= Sutton |first5= Leslie N |last6= Whitehead |first6= Alexander S |date= 2004 |title= Spina bifida |url= https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=186b07a3d4651e28f9ffd0b9bc7ec1c2af33e56b |journal= [[The Lancet]] |volume= 364 |issue= 9448 |pages= 1885–1895 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17445-X |pmid= 15555669 |s2cid= 37770338 |access-date= 2023-01-31}}</ref> [[Spinal muscular atrophies|spinal muscular atrophy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lunn |first1= Mitchell R |last2= Wang |first2= Ching H |date= 2008 |title= Spinal muscular atrophy |url= https://www.academia.edu/18213331 |journal= [[The Lancet]] |volume= 371 |issue= 9630 |pages= 2120–2133 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60921-6 |pmid= 18572081 |s2cid= 11023418 |access-date= 2023-01-31}}</ref> [[syringomyelia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Vandertop |first1= W. Peter |date= 2014 |title= Syringomyelia |journal= Neuropediatrics |volume= 45 |issue= 1 |pages= 003–009 |doi= 10.1055/s-0033-1361921 |pmid= 24272770 |s2cid= 256730957 |doi-access= free }}</ref> and [[pectus carinatum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Desmarais |first1= Thomas J. |last2= Keller |first2= Martin S. |date= 2013 |title= Pectus carinatum |url= https://www.braceworks.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Desmarais-Keller-2013-Pectus-carinatum.pdf |journal= Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume= 25 |issue= 3 |pages= 375–381 |doi= 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283604088 |pmid= 23657247 |s2cid= 46604820 |access-date= 2023-01-31}}</ref>

Another form of secondary scoliosis is degenerative scoliosis, also known as de novo scoliosis, which develops later in life secondary to degenerative (may or may not be associated with aging) changes. This is a type of deformity that starts and progresses because of the collapse of the vertebral column in an asymmetrical manner. As bones start to become weaker and the ligaments and discs located in the spine become worn as a result of age-related changes, the spine begins to curve.<ref name= ds>{{cite journal |last1= Giradi |first1= Federico |last2= Hughes |first2= Alex |last3= Kotwal |first3= Suhel |last4= Pumberger |first4= Matthias |date= 2011 |title= Degenerative Scoliosis: A Review |journal= [[HSS Journal]] |volume= 7 |issue= 3 |pages= 257–264|doi= 10.1007/s11420-011-9204-5 |pmid= 23024623 |pmc= 3192887 }}</ref>