Editing Sardinian language (section)

==={{anchor|Sardinian medieval kingdoms}}Judicates period===
{{See also|Sardinian medieval kingdoms}}
[[File:Condaghe Silki.png|thumb|The [[condaghe]] of Saint Peter of Silki (1065–1180) (University Public Library of Sassari)]]

As the [[Muslims]] [[Islamic conquest of the Maghreb|made their way into North Africa]], what remained of the Byzantine possession of the [[Exarchate of Africa]] was only the [[Balearic Islands]] and [[Sardinia]]. Pinelli believes that this event constituted a fundamental watershed in the historical course of Sardinia, leading to the definitive severance of those previously close cultural ties between Sardinia and the southern shore of the Mediterranean: any previously held commonality shared between Sardinia and Africa "disappeared, like mist in the sun, as a result of North Africa's conquest by Islamic forces, since the latter, due to the fierce resistance of the Sardinians, were not able to spread to the island, as they had in Africa".<ref name="Pinelli16" /> [[Michele Amari]], quoted by Pinelli, writes that "the attempts of the Muslims of Africa to conquer Sardinia and Corsica were frustrated by the unconquered valour of the poor and valiant inhabitants of those islands, who saved themselves for two centuries from the yoke of the Arabs".<ref>{{cite book|author=Luigi Pinelli|title=Gli Arabi e la Sardegna: le invasioni arabe in Sardegna dal 704 al 1016|publisher=Edizioni della Torre|place=Cagliari|page=30|year=1977}}</ref>

As the Byzantines were fully focused on reconquering southern Italy and Sicily, which had in the meanwhile also [[History of Islam in southern Italy|fallen to the Muslims]], their attention on [[Sardinia]] was neglected and communications broke down with [[Constantinople]]; this spurred the former Byzantine province of Sardinia to become progressively more autonomous from the Byzantine [[oecumene]], and eventually attain independence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Max Leopold Wagner|year=1951–1997|title=La lingua sarda|location=Nuoro|publisher=Ilisso|page=65}}</ref> Pinelli argues that "the Arab conquest of North Africa separated Sardinia from that continent without, however, causing the latter to rejoin Europe" and that this event "determined a capital turning point for Sardinia, giving rise to a ''de facto'' independent national government".<ref name="Pinelli16" /> Historian [[Marc Bloch]] believed that, owing to Sardinia being a country which found itself in "quasi-isolation" from the rest of the continent, the earliest documentary testimonies, written in Sardinian, were much older than those first issued in Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marc Bloch|title=Feudal Society. The Growth of Ties of Dependence|chapter=V – modes of feeling and thought|volume=1|publisher=Christiebooks|year=2016}}</ref>

[[File:Pag1 carta delogu.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|The first page of a copy of the Arborean [[Carta de Logu]] (University Public Library of Cagliari)]]

Sardinian was the first Romance language of all to gain official status, being used by the four [[sardinian medieval kingdoms|Judicates]],<ref>"La lingua sarda acquisì dignità di lingua nazionale già dall'ultimo scorcio del secolo XI quando, grazie a favorevoli circostanze storico-politiche e sociali, sfuggì alla limitazione dell'uso orale per giungere alla forma scritta, trasformandosi in volgare sardo." Cecilia Tasca (a cura di), 2003. ''Manoscritti e lingua sarda'', La memoria storica, p. 15</ref><ref>"Moreover, the Sardinians are the first Romance-speaking people of all who made the language of the common folk the official language of the State, the Government..." Puddu, Mario (2002). ''Istoria de sa limba sarda'', Ed. Domus de Janas, Selargius, p. 14</ref><ref>Gian Giacomo Ortu, ''La Sardegna dei Giudici'' p. 264, Il Maestrale 2005</ref><ref>Maurizio Virdis, ''Le prime manifestazioni della scrittura nel cagliaritano'', in Judicalia, Atti del Seminario di Studi Cagliari 14 dicembre 2003, a cura di B. Fois, Cagliari, Cuec, 2004, pp. 45–54.</ref><ref group=note>As [[Ludovico Antonio Muratori]] noted, "{{lang|la|Potissimum vero ad usurpandum in scriptis Italicum idioma gentem nostram fuisse adductam puto finitimarum exemplo, Provincialium, Corsorum atque Sardorum}}" ("In reality, I believe that our people [Italians] have been induced to employ the Italian language for writing by following the example of our neighbours, the Provençals, the Corsicans and the Sardinians") and "{{lang|la|Sardorum quoque et Corsorum exemplum memoravi Vulgari sua Lingua utentium, utpote qui Italis preivisse in hoc eodem studio videntur}}" ("Moreover, I made reference to the example of the Sardinians and the Corsicans, who used their own vulgar language, as being those who preceded the Italians in such regard"). Antonio, Ludovico Antonio (1739). ''Antiquitates Italicae Moedii Evi'', Mediolani, t. 2, col.1049</ref> former Byzantine districts that became independent political entities after the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab expansion]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] had cut off any ties left between the island and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. The exceptionality of the Sardinian situation, which in this sense constitutes a unique case throughout the Latin-speaking Europe, consists in the fact that any official text was written solely in Sardinian from the very beginning and completely excluded Latin, unlike what was happening – and would continue to happen – in France, Italy and Iberia at the same time; Latin, although co-official, was in fact used only in documents concerning external relations in which the Sardinian kings ({{Lang|sc|judikes}}, {{Gloss|judges}}) engaged.<ref>"Un caso unico – e a parte – nel dominio romanzo è costituito dalla Sardegna, in cui i documenti giuridici incominciano ad essere redatti interamente in volgare già alla fine dell'XI secolo e si fanno più frequenti nei secoli successivi. (...) L'eccezionalità della situazione sarda nel panorama romanzo consiste – come si diceva – nel fatto che tali testi sono stati scritti sin dall'inizio interamente in volgare. Diversamente da quanto succede a questa altezza cronologica (e anche dopo) in Francia, in Provenza, in Italia e nella Penisola iberica, il documento sardo esclude del tutto la compresenza di volgare e latino. (...) il sardo era usato prevalentemente in documenti a circolazione interna, il latino in documenti che concernevano il rapporto con il continente." {{cite book|author=Lorenzo Renzi, Alvise Andreose|title=Manuale di linguistica e filologia romanza|publisher=Il Mulino|year=2009|pages=256–257}}</ref> Awareness of the dignity of Sardinian for official purposes was such that, in the words of Livio Petrucci, a Neo-Latin language had come to be used "at a time when nothing similar can be observed in the Italian peninsula" not only "in the legal field" but also "in any other field of writing".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Livio Petrucci|title=Il problema delle Origini e i più antichi testi italiani, in Storia della lingua italiana|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|page=58|volume=3}}</ref>

A [[Diplomatics|diplomatic]] analysis of the earliest Sardinian documents shows that the Judicates provided themselves with [[Chancery (diplomacy)|chanceries]], which employed an indigenous diplomatic model for writing public documents;<ref>{{cite book|author=Francesco Cesare Casula|title=Sulle origini delle cancellerie giudicali sarde, in "Studi di paleografia e diplomatica"|page=44|year=1974|publisher=CEDAM|place=Padova}}</ref> one of them, dating to 1102, displays text in [[half-uncial]], a script that had long fallen out of use on the European continent and F. Casula believes may have been adopted by the Sardinians of Latin culture as their own "national script" from the 8th until the 12th century,<ref>{{cite book|author=Francesco Cesare Casula|title=Sulle origini delle cancellerie giudicali sarde, in "Studi di paleografia e diplomatica"|page=88|year=1974|publisher=CEDAM|place=Padova}}</ref> prior to their receiving outside influence from the arrival of mainly Italian notaries.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:20%;"
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! Extract from [[Bonarcado]]'s Condaghe,<ref>{{cite book|author=Raimondo Carta-Raspi|title=Condaghe di S. Maria di Bonarcado|publisher=Edizioni della Fondazione Il nuraghe|location=Cagliari|year=1937}}</ref> 22 (1120–1146)
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| "{{Lang|sc|Ego Gregorius, priore de Bonarcadu, partivi cun iudice de Gallulu. Coiuvedi Goantine Mameli, serbu de sancta Maria de Bonarcadu, cun Maria de Lee, ancilla de iudice de Gallul. Fegerunt II fiios: Zipari et Justa. Clesia levait a Zipari et iudice levait a Justa. Testes: Nigola de Pane, Comida Pira, Goantine de Porta, armentariu dessu archipiscobu.}}"
|}
Old Sardinian had a greater number of [[archaism]]s and [[Latinism]]s than the present language does, with few Germanic words, mostly coming from Latin itself, and even fewer Arabisms, which had been imported by scribes from Iberia;<ref name="tola11">{{Cite book|author=Salvatore Tola|year=2006|title=La Letteratura in Lingua sarda. Testi, autori, vicende|publisher=CUEC|location=Cagliari|page=11}}</ref> in spite of their best efforts with a score of expeditions to the island, from which they would get considerable booty and a hefty number of Sardinian slaves, the Arab assailants were in fact each time forcefully driven back and would never manage to conquer and settle on the island.<ref>{{cite book|author=Max Leopold Wagner|year=1951–1997|title=La lingua sarda|location=Nuoro|publisher=Ilisso|page=180}}</ref>

Although the surviving texts come from such disparate areas as the north and the south of the island, Sardinian then presented itself in a rather homogeneous form:<ref name="tola17">{{Cite book|author=Salvatore Tola|year=2006|title=La Letteratura in Lingua sarda. Testi, autori, vicende|publisher=CUEC|location=Cagliari|page=17}}</ref> even though the orthographic differences between Logudorese and Campidanese Sardinian were beginning to appear, Wagner found in this period "the original unity of the Sardinian language".<ref>"Ma, prescindendo dalle divergenze stilistiche e da altri particolari minori, si può dire che la lingua dei documenti antichi è assai omogenea e che, ad ogni modo, l'originaria unità della lingua sarda vi si intravede facilmente." {{cite book|author=Max Leopold Wagner|title=La lingua sarda|location=Nuoro|publisher=Ilisso|year=1951–1997|page=84}}</ref> In agreement with Wagner is Paolo Merci, who found a "broad uniformity" around this period, as were Antonio Sanna and Ignazio Delogu too, for whom it was the islanders' community life that prevented Sardinian from localism.<ref name="tola17" /> According to Carlo Tagliavini, these earlier documents show the existence of a Sardinian Koine which pointed to a model based on Logudorese.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carlo Tagliavini|year=1964|title=Le origini delle lingue neolatine|publisher=Patron|location=Bologna|page=450}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sergio Salvi|title=Le lingue tagliate: storia delle minoranze linguistiche in Italia|publisher=Rizzoli|year=1975|pages=176–177}}</ref>

According to [[Eduardo Blasco Ferrer]], it was in the wake of the fall of the Judicates of [[Judicate of Cagliari|Cagliari]] and [[Judicate of Gallura|Gallura]], in the second half of the 13th century, that Sardinian began to fragment into its modern dialects, undergoing some Tuscanization under the rule of the [[Republic of Pisa]];<ref>{{Cite book|author=Eduardo Blasco Ferrer|title=Storia linguistica della Sardegna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0Us0DqE79MC|year=1984|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-132911-6|page=133}}</ref> it did not take long before the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] too started carving their own sphere of influence in northern Sardinia, both through the mixed Sardinian-Genoese nobility of Sassari and the members of the Doria family.<ref>{{cite book|author=Francesco Bruni|title=Storia della lingua italiana, Dall'Umbria alle Isole|year=1996|volume=2|publisher=Utet|location=Torino|isbn=88-11-20472-0|page=582}}</ref> A certain range of dialectal variation is then noted.<ref name="Ministero" /><ref name="Lubello" />

A special position was occupied by the [[Judicate of Arborea]], the last Sardinian kingdom to fall to foreign powers, in which a transitional dialect was spoken, that of Middle Sardinian. The [[Carta de Logu]] of the Kingdom of Arborea, one of the first constitutions in history drawn up in 1355–1376 by [[Marianus IV of Arborea|Marianus IV]] and the Queen, the {{Gloss|Lady Judge}} ({{lang|sc|judikessa}} in Sardinian, {{lang|ca|jutgessa}} in Catalan, {{lang|it|giudicessa}} in Italian) [[Eleanor of Arborea|Eleanor]], was written in this transitional variety of Sardinian, and would remain in force until 1827.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sandalyon.eu/ita/articoli/archivio/sardegna-giudicale/la-carta-de-logu-sandalyon__342.html|title=La Carta de Logu|website=www.sandalyon.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuraghe.eu/cartadelogu/|title=Carta de Logu (original text)|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> The Arborean judges' effort to unify the Sardinian dialects were due to their desire to be legitimate rulers of the entire island under a single state ({{lang|sc|republica sardisca}} {{Gloss|Sardinian Republic}});<ref>Barisone II of Arborea, G. Seche, '' L'incoronazione di Barisone "Re di Sardegna" in due fonti contemporanee: gli Annales genovesi e gli Annales pisani'', Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4, 2010</ref> such political goal, after all, was already manifest in 1164, when the Arborean Judge [[Barison II of Arborea|Barison]] ordered his great seal to be made with the writings {{lang|la|Baresonus Dei Gratia Rei Sardiniee}} ({{Gloss|Barison, by the grace of God, King of Sardinia}}) and {{lang|la|Est vis Sardorum pariter regnum Populorum}} ({{Gloss|The people's rule is equal to the Sardinians' own force}}).<ref>Casula, Francesco Cesare (2017). ''La scrittura in Sardegna dal nuragico ad oggi'', Carlo Delfino Editore, p. 91</ref>

[[Dante Alighieri]] wrote in his 1302–05 essay ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'' that [[Sardinians]] were strictly speaking not Italians ({{lang|la|Latii}}), even though they appeared superficially similar to them, and they did not speak anything close to a Neo-Latin language of their own ({{lang|la|lingua vulgaris}}), but resorted to aping straightforward Latin instead.<ref>"{{lang|la|Sardos etiam, qui non-Latii sunt sed Latiis associandi videntur, eiciamus, quoniam soli sine proprio vulgari esse videntur, gramaticam tanquam simie homines imitantes: nam domus nova et dominus meus locuntur}}". [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/dante/vulgar.shtml ''Dantis Alagherii De Vulgari Eloquentia''], (Lib. I, XI, 7), [[The Latin Library]]</ref><ref>"As for the Sardinians, who are not Italian but may be associated with Italians for our purposes, out they must go, because they alone seem to lack a vernacular of their own, instead imitating gramatica as apes do humans: for they say ''domus nova'' [my house] and ''dominus meus'' [my master]." {{Cite web|url=http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere2.asp?idcod=000&idope=3&idliv1=1&idliv2=11&idliv3=1&idlang=UK|title=Dante Online – Le Opere|website=www.danteonline.it}}</ref><ref>"Dante, for instance, said that Sardinians were like monkeys imitating men." {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Sardinian language |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sardinian-language}}</ref><ref>"Eliminiamo anche i Sardi (che non sono Italiani, ma sembrano accomunabili agli Italiani) perché essi soli appaiono privi di un volgare loro proprio e imitano la "gramatica" come le scimmie imitano gli uomini: dicono infatti "domus nova" e "dominus meus"". [http://www.classicitaliani.it/dante/prosa/vulgari_ita.htm ''De Vulgari Eloquentia'']. Paraphrase and notes by Sergio Cecchin. Opere minori di Dante Alighieri, vol. II, UTET, Torino 1986</ref><ref name="Salvi">Salvi, Sergio. ''Le lingue tagliate: storia delle minoranze linguistiche in Italia'', Rizzoli, 1975, p. 195</ref><ref>"In.. perceiving that the 'outlandish' character of Sardinian speech lay in its approximation to Latin the poet-philologist [Dante] had almost divined the truth concerning the origin of the Romance languages." W. D. Elcock, ''The Romance Languages'' (London: Faber & Faber, 1960), v. 474</ref><ref name="Dante">{{Cite web|url=http://people.unica.it/marinellalorinczi/files/2007/06/11-dantesardo2000.pdf|author=Marinella Lőrinczi|title=La casa del signore. La lingua sarda nel De vulgari eloquentia}}</ref> Dante's view on the Sardinians, however, is proof of how their language had been following its own course in a way which was already unintelligible to non-islanders, and had become, in Wagner's words, an impenetrable "sphinx" to their judgment.<ref name="tola11" /> Frequently mentioned is a previous 12th-century poem by the [[troubadour]] [[Raimbaut de Vaqueiras]], {{Lang|oc|[[Domna, tant vos ai preiada]]}} ("Lady, so much I have endeared you"); Sardinian epitomizes outlandish speech therein, along with non-Romance languages such as German and [[Berber languages|Berber]], with the troubadour having the lady say "{{lang|oc|No t'entend plui d'un Todesco / Sardesco o Barbarì}}" ("I don't understand you more than a German or [[Sardinians|Sardinian]] or [[Berbers|Berber]]");<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras_03.php|title=Domna, tant vos ai preiada|website=www.trobar.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rialto.unina.it/RbVaq/392.7(Saviotti).htm|title=Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (392.7)|website=www.rialto.unina.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Max Leopold Wagner|url=http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/118720/655bf1c05b3e99f095c9edecc51f53a3.pdf?sequence=1|title=La lingua sarda|publisher=Ilisso|page=78|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126223757/http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/118720/655bf1c05b3e99f095c9edecc51f53a3.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref><ref name="Salvi" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Rebecca Posner, John N. Green|year=1982|title=Language and Philology in Romance|publisher=Mouton Publishers|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alberto Varvaro|year=2004|title=Identità linguistiche e letterarie nell'Europa romanza|publisher=Salerno Editrice|location=Roma|page=231|isbn=88-8402-446-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://taban.canalblog.com/archives/2013/10/27/28302736.html|title=Le sarde, une langue normale |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> the Tuscan poet Fazio degli Uberti refers to the Sardinians in his poem {{lang|it|Dittamondo}} as "{{lang|it|una gente che niuno non-la intende / né essi sanno quel ch'altri pispiglia}}" ("a people that no one is able to understand / nor do they come to a knowledge of what other peoples say about them").<ref>Dittamondo III XII 56 ss.</ref><ref name="Dante" /><ref name="Salvi" />

The [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|Muslim geographer]] [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], who lived in [[Palermo]], Sicily at the court of King [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], wrote in his work {{lang|ar|Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirāq al-āfāq}} ({{Gloss|The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands}} or, simply, '[[The book of Roger]]') that "Sardinians are ethnically {{lang|ar|[[Roman Africans|Rūm Afāriqah]]}}, like the [[Berbers]]; they shun contacts with all the other {{lang|ar|Rūm}} nations and are people of purpose and valiant that never leave the arms".<ref>"{{lang|ar|Wa ahl Ğazīrat Sardāniya fī aṣl Rūm Afāriqa mutabarbirūn mutawaḥḥišūn min ağnās ar-Rūm wa hum ahl nağida wa hazm lā yufariqūn as-silāḥ}}". {{cite web|url=http://eprints.uniss.it/1055/|title=Contu, Giuseppe. ''Sardinia in Arabic sources''|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011061541/http://eprints.uniss.it/1055/}}. Annali della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Sassari, Vol. 3 (2003 pubbl. 2005), pp. 287–297. ISSN 1828-5384</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Attilio Mastino|year=2005|title=Storia della Sardegna antica|publisher=Edizioni Il Maestrale|page=83}}</ref><ref>Translation provided by [[Michele Amari]]: "I sardi sono di schiatta Rum Afariqah (latina d'Africa), berberizzanti. Rifuggono (dal consorzio) di ogni altra nazione di Rum: sono gente di proposito e valorosa, che non lascia mai l'arme." Note to the passage by Mohamed Mustafa Bazama: "Questo passo, nel testo arabo, è un poco differente, traduco qui testualmente: "gli abitanti della Sardegna, in origine sono dei Rum Afariqah, berberizzanti, indomabili. Sono una (razza a sé) delle razze dei Rum. [...] Sono pronti al richiamo d'aiuto, combattenti, decisivi e mai si separano dalle loro armi (intende guerrieri nati)." {{cite book|title=Arabi e sardi nel Medioevo|author=Mohamed Mustafa Bazama|location=Cagliari|publisher=Editrice democratica sarda|year=1988|pages=17, 162}}</ref><ref>Another translation into Italian from the original passage in Arabic: "I sardi, popolo di razza latina africana piuttosto barbaro, che vive appartato dal consorzio delle altre genti latine, sono intrepidi e risoluti; essi non abbandonano mai le armi." {{Cite book|title=Il Libro di Ruggero. Il diletto di chi è appassionato per le peregrinazioni attraverso il mondo|author=Al Idrisi, traduzione e note di Umberto Rizzitano|publisher=Flaccovio Editore|year=2008|location=Palermo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Luigi Pinelli|title=Gli Arabi e la Sardegna: le invasioni arabe in Sardegna dal 704 al 1016|publisher=Edizioni della Torre|location=Cagliari|pages=30, 42|year=1977}}</ref> According to Wagner, the close relationship in the development of Vulgar Latin between North Africa and Sardinia might not have only derived from ancient ethnic affinities between the two populations, but also from their common political past within the [[Exarchate of Africa]].<ref>"Non vi è dubbio che vi erano rapporti più stretti tra la latinità dell'Africa settentrionale e quella della Sardegna. Senza parlare della affinità della razza e degli elementi libici che possano ancora esistere in sardo, non bisogna dimenticare che la Sardegna rimase, durante vari secoli, alle dipendenze dell'esarcato africano". Wagner, M. (1952). ''Il Nome Sardo del Mese di Giugno (Lámpadas) e i Rapporti del Latino d'Africa con quello della Sardegna''. Italica, 29(3), p.152. doi:10.2307/477388</ref>

[[File:Statuti Sassaresi XIV century 1a.png|thumb|alt=Two pages of an illuminated manuscript|Sardinian-language statutes of [[Sassari]] from the 13th–14th centuries]]

What literature is left to us from this period primarily consists of legal and administrative documents, besides the aforementioned {{lang|sc|Cartas}} and {{lang|sc|condaghes}}. The first document containing Sardinian elements is a 1063 donation to the [[abbey of Montecassino]] signed by Barisone I of Torres.<ref>Archivio Cassinense Perg. Caps. XI, n. 11 " e "TOLA P., Codice Diplomatico della Sardegna, I, Sassari, 1984, p. 153</ref> Another such document (the so-called ''Carta Volgare'') comes from the [[Judicate of Cagliari]] and was issued by [[Torchitorio I of Cagliari|Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale]] in around 1070, written in Sardinian whilst still employing the [[Greek alphabet]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Eduardo Blasco Ferrer|year=1984|title=Storia Linguistica Della Sardegna|page=65|publisher=De Gruyter}}</ref> Other documents are the 1080 "Logudorese Privilege", the 1089 Torchitorius' Donation (in the [[Marseille]] archives), the 1190–1206 Marsellaise Chart (in Campidanese Sardinian) and an 1173 communication between the Bishop Bernardo of [[Olbia|Civita]] and Benedetto, who oversaw the Opera del Duomo in Pisa. The Statutes of Sassari (1316) and [[Castelsardo|Castelgenovese]] ({{circa|1334}}) are written in Logudorese Sardinian.

The first [[chronicle]] in {{Lang|sc|lingua sive ydiomate sardo}},<ref>{{cite book|author=Antonietta Orunesu, Valentino Pusceddu|title=Cronaca medioevale sarda: i sovrani di Torres|year=1993|publisher=Astra|location=Quartu S.Elena|page=11}}</ref> called {{lang|sc|Condagues de Sardina}}, was published anonymously in the 13th century, relating the events of the [[Judicate of Torres]].