Editing Santa Barbara, California (section)

===Post-Conquest era===
[[File:Sant Barbara - State Street 1880s.jpg|right|thumb|State Street Santa Barbara, California in the 1880s.  A view looking north from Canon Perdido Street.]]
Change came quickly in Santa Barbara following the American [[Conquest of California]]. The population doubled between 1850 and 1860. In 1851, land surveyor Salisbury Haley designed the street grid, famously botching the block measurements, misaligning the streets, thereby creating doglegs at certain intersections.<ref>Tompkins, 1983, p. 113</ref> Wood construction replaced adobe as American settlers moved in; during the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush years]] and following, the town became a haven for bandits and gamblers, and a dangerous and lawless place. Charismatic gambler and [[highwayman]] [[Jack Powers]] had virtual control of the town in the early 1850s, until driven out by a posse organized in San Luis Obispo. English gradually supplanted Spanish as the language of daily life, becoming the language of official record in 1870.<ref>Baker, p. 34–35</ref> The first newspaper, the ''Santa Barbara Gazette'', was founded in 1855.<ref>Baker, p. 39</ref>

While the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] had little effect on Santa Barbara, the disastrous drought of 1863 ended the Rancho Period, as most of the cattle died and ranchos were broken up and sold. Mortimer Cook, a wealthy entrepreneur, arrived in 1871 and opened the city's first bank. Cook later served two terms as mayor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=Early Banks and Banking in Santa Barbara|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2014/dec/10/early-banks-and-banking-santa-barbara/|work=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]|date=December 10, 2014|access-date=February 5, 2015|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200547/http://www.independent.com/news/2014/dec/10/early-banks-and-banking-santa-barbara/|url-status=live}}</ref> Cook founded the first National Gold Bank of Santa Barbara in 1873. The building of [[Stearns Wharf]] in 1872 enhanced Santa Barbara's commercial and tourist accessibility; previously goods and visitors had to transfer from [[steamboat]]s to smaller craft to row ashore. During the 1870s, writer [[Charles Nordhoff (journalist)|Charles Nordhoff]] promoted the town as a health resort and destination for well-to-do travelers from other parts of the U.S.; many of them came, and many stayed. The luxurious [[Arlington Hotel (Santa Barbara, California)|Arlington Hotel]] dated from this period. In 1887 the railroad finally went through to Los Angeles, and in 1901 to San Francisco: Santa Barbara was now easily accessible by land and by sea, and subsequent development was brisk.<ref>Baker, pp. 56–59, 66</ref> Santa Barbara had a [[Streetcars in Santa Barbara, California|system of street railways]] that operated from 1875 through 1929. Begun as a single mule-drawn line from the waterfront pier to the Arlington Hotel, over the decades it was incrementally expanded, later electrified, and operated until its closure in June 1929.

[[Peter J. Barber]], an architect, designed many Late Victorian style residences, and served twice as mayor, in 1880 and again in 1890. A year after Barber's term as mayor, President Benjamin Harrison became the first of five presidents to visit Santa Barbara.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=Theodore Roosevelt visits Santa Barbara|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2014/sep/16/theodore-roosevelt-visits-santa-barbara/|access-date=February 5, 2015|agency=Independent|newspaper=Independent|date=September 16, 2014|archive-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224215722/http://www.independent.com/news/2014/sep/16/theodore-roosevelt-visits-santa-barbara/|url-status=live}}</ref>