Editing Salisbury (section)

===New Sarum===
[[File:Salisbury Cathedral West Front.jpg|thumb|upright|The Great West Front of [[Salisbury Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Louise Rayner Minster Street Salisbury.jpg|thumb|upright|Minster Street, c. 1870]]

Bishop of Salisbury [[Hubert Walter]] was instrumental in the negotiations with [[Saladin]] during the [[Third Crusade]], but he spent little time in his diocese prior to his elevation to [[archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name="timetimetime">{{Cite book |last=Frost |first=Christian |title=Time, Space, and Order: The Making of Medieval Salisbury |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |location=Bern |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ob-vsvZmHUC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> The brothers [[Herbert Poore|Herbert]] and [[Richard Poore]] succeeded him and began planning the relocation of the cathedral into the valley almost immediately. Their plans were approved by {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Richard the Lion-hearted|Richard I]]}} but repeatedly delayed: Herbert was first forced into exile in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] in the 1190s by the hostility of his archbishop [[Hubert Walter|Walter]] and then again to [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] in the 1210s owing to royal hostility following the [[interdiction#England|papal interdiction]] against {{nowrap|[[John Lackland|King John]]}}. The secular authorities were particularly incensed, according to tradition, owing to some of the clerics debauching the castellan's female relations.<ref name=storytime/> In the end, the clerics were refused permission to reenter the city walls following their [[rogation]]s and [[Procession#Roman Catholics|processions]].<ref name="lele">{{harvnb|Ledwich|1777|pp=253 ff.}} quotes [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]</ref> This caused [[Peter of Blois]] to describe the church as "a captive within the walls of the citadel like the [[ark of God]] in the profane house of [[Baal]]". He advocated
{{blockquote|Let us descend into the plain! There are rich fields and fertile valleys abounding in the fruits of the earth and watered by the living stream. There is a seat for the Virgin Patroness of our church to which the world cannot produce a parallel.<ref name="review">{{Cite book |last=Prothero |first=George Walter |title=The Quarterly Review |title-link=The Quarterly Review |publisher=John Murray |year=1858 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9iMYdkrkLe4C&pg=PA115 115]}}</ref>
}}

Herbert Poore's successor and brother Richard Poore eventually moved the cathedral to a [[new town#United Kingdom|new town]] on his estate at Veteres Sarisberias ("Old Salisburies") in 1220. The site was at "Myrifield" ("Merryfield"),<ref name="leddy">{{Cite book |last=Ledwich |first=Edward |title=Antiquitates Sariſburienſes: The History and Antiquities of Old and New Sarum Collected from Original Records and Early Writers |publisher=E. Easton etc. |year=1777 |location=Salisbury |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=czgtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 260] |chapter=Appendix of Original Records, with Observations }}</ref> a meadow near the confluence of the [[River Nadder]] and the [[Hampshire]] [[River Avon, Hampshire|Avon]]. It was first known as "New Sarum"<ref name=review/> or {{nowrap|New Saresbyri}}.<ref name=lele/> The town was laid out on a [[grid pattern|grid]].

Work on the new cathedral building, the present Salisbury Cathedral, began in 1221. The site was supposedly established by shooting an arrow from Old Sarum, although this is certainly a legend: the distance is over {{convert|3|km|mi|frac=2|spell=in}}. The legend is sometimes amended to claim that the arrow struck a white deer, which continued to run and died on the spot where the cathedral now rests. The structure was built upon wooden faggots on a gravel bed with unusually shallow foundations of {{convert|18|in|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} and the main body was completed in only 38 years. The {{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or|adj=on}} tall spire, the tallest in the UK, was built later. With royal approval, many of the stones for the new cathedral were taken from the [[Old Sarum Cathedral|old one]]; others came from [[Chilmark Quarries|Chilmark]]. They were probably transported by ox-cart, owing to the obstruction to boats on the [[River Nadder]] caused by its many weirs and watermills. The cathedral is considered a masterpiece of [[Early English Period|Early English architecture]]. The spire's [[Salisbury Cathedral clock|large clock]] was installed in 1386, and is one of the oldest surviving mechanical clocks in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Oldest Working Clock |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/28/oldest-work-clock-oped-time08-cx_po_0229salisbury.html#266d099e31f3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222205/https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/28/oldest-work-clock-oped-time08-cx_po_0229salisbury.html#266d099e31f3 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The cathedral also contains the best-preserved of the four surviving copies of [[Magna Carta]].

New Sarum was made a [[list of cities in the United Kingdom|city]] by a charter from {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]}} in 1227<ref name="easty">Easton, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SDdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''A Chronology of Remarkable Events Relative to the City of New Sarum, with the Year, and the Name of the Mayor in whose Time they occurred: Chiefly collected from the authentic Sources of the City Records, and Manuscripts of Citizens, From {{sc|a.d.}}&nbsp;1227 to 1823, a Period of 596 Years, Including the Prices of Wheat and Barley from an Early Æra: To which are added, Their annual Average Prices for 28 Years, Being from 1796 to 1823'', 5th&nbsp;ed., p.&nbsp;1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101200228/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SDdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |date=1 January 2015 }} J.&nbsp;Easton (Salisbury), 1824.</ref> and, by the 14th century, was the largest settlement in Wiltshire.  The city wall surrounds the Close and was built in the 14th century, again with stones removed from the former cathedral at Old Sarum. The wall now has five gates: the High Street Gate, {{nowrap|St Ann's}} Gate, the Queen's Gate, and {{nowrap|St Nicholas's}} Gate were original, while a fifth was constructed in the 19th century to allow access to Bishop Wordsworth's School, in the Cathedral Close. During his time in the city, the composer [[Handel]] stayed in a room above St Ann's gate. The original site of the city at Old Sarum, meanwhile, fell into disuse. It continued as a [[rotten borough]]: at the time of its abolition during the reforms of 1832, its [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) represented three households.

In May 1289, there was uncertainty about the future of [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]], and her father sent ambassadors to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. Edward met [[Robert the Bruce]] and others at Salisbury in October 1289, which resulted in the [[Treaty of Salisbury (1289)|Treaty of Salisbury]], under which Margaret would be sent to Scotland before 1 November 1290 and any agreement on her future marriage would be delayed until she was in Scotland.<ref>Oram. ''Canmore Kings'', {{nowrap|p. 109}}.</ref>

The [[Parliament of England]] met at New Sarum in the years 1324, 1328, and 1384.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2012 |title=Parliaments held away from Westminster |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06471/SN06471.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609160550/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06471/SN06471.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=House of Commons Library}}</ref>

In 1450, a number of riots broke out in Salisbury at roughly the same time as [[Jack Cade]] led a famous rebellion through London. The riots occurred for related reasons, although the declining fortunes of Salisbury's cloth trade may also have been influential. The violence peaked with the murder of the bishop, [[William Ayscough]], who had been involved with the government. In 1483, a large-scale rebellion against [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] broke out, led by his own 'kingmaker', [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]. After the revolt collapsed, Buckingham was executed at Salisbury, near the Bull's Head Inn. An [[act of Parliament]], the [[River Avon Navigation (Christchurch to New Sarum) Act 1664]] ([[16 & 17 Cha. 2]]. c. 12) was passed on 2 March 1665 for making the [[River Avon, Hampshire|River Avon]] navigable from [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] to the city of New Sarum. and the work completed, only for the project to be ruined shortly thereafter by a major flood.<ref>Priestley, Joseph. [[:s:Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain/Avon River, Hampshire|''Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain, as a Reference to Nichols, Priestley & Walker's'' New Map of Inland Navigation, ''Derived from Original and Parliamentary Documents in the Possession of Joseph Priestley, Esq.'', p.&nbsp;37]]. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green (London), 1831. Hosted at [[:s:Main Page|Wikisource]].</ref> Soon after, during the [[Great Plague of London]], [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] held court in Salisbury's cathedral close.

Salisbury was the site chosen to assemble [[James II of England|James II]]'s forces to resist the [[Glorious Revolution]]. He arrived to lead his approximately {{nowrap|19&thinsp;000}} men on 19 November 1688. His troops were not keen to fight Mary or her husband William, and the loyalty of many of James's commanders was in doubt. The first blood was shed at the [[Wincanton Skirmish]], in [[Somerset]]. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers had deserted, such as [[Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]], and he broke out in a nosebleed, which he took as an omen that he should retreat. His commander in chief, the [[Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham|Earl of Feversham]], advised retreat on 23 November, and the next day [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill]] defected to William. On 26 November, James's own daughter, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne]], did the same, and James returned to London the same day, never again to be at the head of a serious military force in England.<ref>Childs, J. ''The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution''. (Manchester), 1980.</ref>