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==Malberg glosses== {{see also|Frankish language|Old Dutch}} The Salic law code contains the ''Malberg glosses'' (German {{lang|de|Malbergische Glossen}} or {{lang|de|malbergische Glossen}}; despite the name, they aren't [[Gloss (annotation)|glosses]] in the proper sense<ref name="Hoff">Hans Henning Hoff, ''Hafliði Másson und die Einflüsse des römischen Rechts in der Grágás'', Walter de Gruyter, 2012, p. 193</ref><ref>Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand, ''Die volkssprachigen Wörter der Leges barbaorumals Ausdruck sprachlicher Interferenz'', in: ''Frühmittelalterliche Studien: Jahrbuch des Instituts für Frühmittelalterforschung der Universität Münster. 13. Band'', edited by Karl Hauck with assistance by Hans Belting, Hugo Borger, Dietrich Hofmann, Karl Josef Narr, Friedrich Ohly, Karl Schmid, Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand, Rudolf Schützeichel and Joachim Wollasch, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin & New York, 1979, p. 56ff., here p. 77</ref>), several deformed<ref name="Seebold">Elmar Seebold, edited by Elmar Seebold with assistance by Brigitte Bulitta, Elke Krotz, Judith Stieglbauer-Schwarz and Christiane Wanzeck, ''Chronologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Wortschatzes: Der Wortschatz des 8. Jahrhunderts (und früherer Quellen) (Titelabkürzung: ChWdW8)'', Walter de Gruyter: Berlin & New York, 2001, p. 64</ref> Old Frankish,<ref name="Hoff" /><ref name="Seebold" /><ref>Rembert Eufe, ''Die Personennamen auf den merowingischen Monetarmünzen als Spiegel der romanisch-germanischen Sprachsynthese im Frankenreich'', in: ''Kulturelle Integration und Personennamen im Mittelalter'', edited by Wolfgang Haubrichs, Christa Jochum-Godglück, 2019, p. 78ff., here p. 80</ref> or for some Dutch scholars Old Dutch, words and what is likely the earliest surviving full sentence in the language:<ref>{{cite book | title = Dutch: Biography of a Language | first = Roland | last = Willemyns | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-19-932366-1 | page = 41 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! ''Malberg gloss'' | maltho || thi* || afrio || lito** |- ! (Modern) Dutch | ik meld, || jou || bevrijd ik, || laat |- ! English | I tell you: || colspan="2" | I am setting you free, || serve |- |} :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Old Dutch and Early Modern and earlier versions of English used the second-person singular pronouns, such as ''thou'' and ''thee''. :<nowiki>**</nowiki> A ''lito'' was a form of [[serfdom|serf]] in the [[feudal system]], a half-free farmer, connected to the lord's land, but not owned by that lord. In contrast, a slave was fully owned by the lord. This sentence is also given as the following:<ref>Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand, ''Die Malbergischen Glossen, eine frühe Überlieferung germanischer Rechtsspache'', in: ''Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen'', ed. by Heinrich Beck, 1989, p. 157ff., here p. 158</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! ''Malberg gloss'' | maltho: || thi || afrio, || letu! |- ! ''translation'' <!-- in the German source: „ich sage gerichtlich: ich lasse dich frei, Halbfreier“ --> | I declare judicially: || colspan="2" | I let you free, || half-free (farmer)! |- |}
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