Editing Sabah (section)

=== Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu influences ===
During the 7th century AD, a settled community known as Vijayapura, a tributary to the [[Srivijaya]] empire, was thought to have existed in northwest Borneo.<ref name="Hutton2000">{{cite book |author=Wendy Hutton |title=Adventure Guides: East Malaysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA31 |access-date=26 May 2013 |date= 2000 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-962-593-180-7 |pages=31–57}}</ref><ref name= "Bala2005">{{cite book| author=Bilcher Bala|title=Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bQuAQAAIAAJ&q=vijayapura+p%27o-ni| year=2005| publisher=School of Social Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah|isbn=978-983-2643-74-6|page=30}}</ref> The earliest independent kingdom in Borneo, supposed to have existed from the 9th century, was Po Ni, as recorded in the Chinese geographical treatise ''[[Taiping Huanyu Ji]]''. It was believed that Po Ni existed at the mouth of [[Brunei River]] and was the predecessor to the Bruneian Empire.<ref name="Bala2005"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Watson Andaya |author2=Leonard Y. Andaya |title=A History of Malaysia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC&pg=PA57 |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=1984 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-38121-9 |page= 57}}</ref> When China was conquered by the [[Mongol Empire]], all Chinese vassal states were subsequently controlled by the Mongol emperors of China. Early in 1292, [[Kublai Khan]] is said to have sent an expedition to northern Borneo,<ref name= "Runciman2011">{{cite book |author= Steven Runciman |title=The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m4_O9GB4KBoC&pg=PA14 |date= 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-12899-5 |page=14}}</ref> before departing for the [[Mongol invasion of Java|invasion of Java]] in 1293.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap64.htm |title=Fall In The East — The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire [Chapter 64] |author= Edward Gibbon |publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |year=1788 |access-date=18 October 2017 |quote=Hundred thousand Chinese imitated his example; and the whole empire, from [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Tonkin]] to the [[Great Wall of China|great wall]], submitted to the dominion of [[Kublai Khan|Cublai]]. His boundless ambition aspired to the conquest of [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Japan]]: his fleet was twice shipwrecked; and the lives of a hundred thousand Mongols and Chinese were sacrificed in the fruitless expedition. But the neighbouring kingdoms, Corea, [[Tonkin]], [[Cochinchina]], [[Pegu]], [[Bengal]], and [[Tibet]], were reduced in different degrees of tribute and obedience by the effort or terror of his arms. He explored the Indian Ocean with a fleet of a thousand ships: they sailed in sixty-eight days, most probably to Borneo, under the equinoctial line; and though they returned not without spoil or glory, the emperor was dissatisfied that the savage king had escaped from their hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Henry Miers Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-knEHQUmBFgC&pg=PA27 |year= 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05585-7 |page=27}}</ref> As a result of this campaign, it is believed that many of his followers in addition to other Chinese traders eventually settled and established their own enclave at [[Kinabatangan River]].<ref name="Runciman2011"/>

In the 14th century, Brunei and Sulu were part of the Majapahit Empire but in 1369, Sulu and the other Philippine kingdoms successfully rebelled and Sulu even attacked Brunei which was still a Majapahit [[tributary state|tributary]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Brunei|title=Brunei Darussalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYa6AAAAIAAJ&q=brunei+majapahit+province|year=2004|publisher=Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> the Sulus specifically invaded Northeast Borneo at Sabah<ref>Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.</ref> the Sulus were then repelled but Brunei became weakened.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic|author1=John Norman Miksic|author2=Goh Geok Yian|title=Ancient Southeast Asia| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA501|date=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-27904-4|page=501}}</ref> In 1370, Brunei transferred its allegiance to [[Ming dynasty]] China.<ref name="Chinese records">{{cite web |url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf |title=Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case |author1=Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho |author2=Hurng-yu Chen |publisher=NCCU Institutional Repository |work=[[National Chengchi University]] |date=July 2014 |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133532/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Vienne2015">{{cite book|author=Marie-Sybille de Vienne|title=Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|year= 2015|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-818-8|page=42}}</ref> The [[Maharaja]] Karna of Borneo then paid a visit to [[Nanjing]] with his family until his death.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai |title=The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA152 |year=1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2687-6 |page=152}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son Hsia-wang who agreed to send tribute to China once every three years.<ref name="Chinese records"/><ref name="Vienne2015"/> After that, Chinese [[Junk (ship)|junks]] came to northern Borneo with cargoes of spices, [[bird nest]]s, shark fins, [[camphor]], [[rattan]] and [[pearl]]s.<ref name="Wise1846">{{cite book |author=Henry Wise |title=A Selection from Papers Relating to Borneo and the Proceedings at Sarāwak of James Brooke ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpBeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR10 |year=1846 |publisher=publisher not identified |page=10}}</ref> More Chinese traders eventually settled in Kinabatangan, as stated in both Brunei and Sulu records.<ref name="Chinese records"/><ref name="sabah edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/itma135/history.htm |title=History of Sabah |publisher=Sabah Education Department |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514040125/http://www.sabah.edu.my/itma135/history.htm |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> A younger sister of [[Ong Sum Ping]] (Huang Senping), the governor of the Chinese settlement then married [[Sultan Ahmad of Brunei]].<ref name="Chinese records"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |title=Sultan-Sultan Brunei |trans-title=Sultans of Brunei |language=ms |publisher=Government of Brunei |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128124306/http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-date=28 January 2017 }}</ref> Perhaps due to this relationship, a burial place with 2,000 wooden coffins, some estimated to be 1,000 years old, were discovered in [[Agop Batu Tulug Caves]] and around the Kinabatangan Valley area.<ref name="coffins">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/10/coffins-dating-back-1000-years-are-found-in-the-kinabatangan-valley/ |title=Coffins dating back 1,000 years are found in the Kinabatangan Valley |author=Haslin Gaffor |work=[[Bernama]] |publisher=The Star |date=10 April 2007 |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141115/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/10/coffins-dating-back-1000-years-are-found-in-the-kinabatangan-valley/ |archive-date=22 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/9939 |title=Intriguing resting place |author=Rozella Mahjhrin |publisher= | work= [[New Sabah Times]] |date=30 September 2016 |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022140719/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/9939 |archive-date=22 October 2017 }}</ref> It is believed that this type of funeral culture was brought by traders from [[Mainland China]] and [[Indochina]] to northern Borneo as similar wooden coffins were also discovered in these countries.<ref name="coffins"/> This was in addition to the discovery of [[Chinese ceramics]] from a shipwreck in [[Tanjung Simpang Mengayau]] estimated to be from between 960 and 1127 AD from the Song dynasty and the Vietnamese [[Đông Sơn drum]] in Bukit Timbang Dayang on [[Banggi Island]] that was between 2,000 and 2,500 years old.<ref name="sabah info"/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101912 |title=More shipwrecks lurk off Sabah |newspaper=Daily Express |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170208132511/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101912 |archive-date=8 February 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Ooi2015">{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcM0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Brunei: History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-65998-3 |pages=22–110 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

During the reign of Sultan [[Bolkiah]] of Brunei between 1485 and 1524, the sultanate extended over northern Borneo and the [[Sulu Archipelago]], as far as ''[[Maynila (historical entity)|Kota Seludong]]'' (present-day [[Manila]]) with its [[sphere of influence|influence]] extending as far of [[Banjarmasin]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham Saunders |title=A history of Brunei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC&pg=PA40 |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1698-2 |page=40| via= Google Books}}</ref> taking advantage of maritime trade after the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|fall of Malacca to the Portuguese]].<ref name= "HoltLambton1977">{{cite book |author1=P. M. Holt |author2=Ann K. S. Lambton |author3=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA129 |date= 1977 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |page=129| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Watson Andaya |author2=Leonard Y. Andaya |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date= 2015 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88992-6 |page=159| via= Google Books}}</ref> Many [[Bruneian Malay people|Brunei Malays]] migrated to Sabah during this period, beginning after the Bruneian conquest of the territory in the 15th century.<ref name= "Brunei migration">{{cite news |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/golden-legacy/2011/10/24/search-brunei-malays-outside-brunei |title=In search of Brunei Malays outside Brunei |author= Rozan Yunos |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514083428/http://www.bt.com.bn/golden-legacy/2011/10/24/search-brunei-malays-outside-brunei |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> But plagued by internal strife, civil war, piracy and the [[Western imperialism in Asia|arrival of western powers]], the Bruneian Empire began to shrink. The first Europeans to visit Brunei were the Portuguese, who described the capital of Brunei at the time as surrounded by a [[stone wall]].<ref name="HoltLambton1977"/> The Spanish followed, arriving soon after [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s death in 1521, when the remaining members of his expedition sailed to the islands of Balambangan and Banggi in the northern tip Borneo; later, in the [[Castilian War]] of 1578, the Spanish who had sailed from [[New Spain]] and had taken Manila from Brunei, unsuccessfully declared war on Brunei by briefly occupying the capital before abandoning it.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="Ooi2015"/><ref name= "Sidhu2009">{{cite book |author= Jatswan S. Sidhu |title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bry0sOwstIMC&pg=PR53 |date= 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9 |page=53| via= Google Books}}</ref> The Sulu region gained its independence in 1578, forming the [[Sultanate of Sulu]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Trudy |last1=Ring |first2=Robert M. |last2= Salkin |first3=Sharon |last3=La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA160 |date= 1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |page=160| via= Google Books}}</ref>

When the [[Brunei Civil War|civil war broke out in Brunei]] between sultans [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]] and [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]], the Sultan of Sulu asserted their claim to Brunei's territories in northern Borneo.<ref name="Sidhu2009"/><ref name="myph">{{cite web |url= http://www.ums.edu.my/fksw/images/files/IsuPemilikanWilayahPantaiTimurSabahSatuPenelusurandaripadaSudutSumberSejarah.pdf |title=Isu Pemilikan Wilayah Pantai Timur Sabah: Satu Penulusuran daripada Sumber Sejarah |trans-title=Issues of Ownership of Sabah's East Coast Region: A Study from Historical Sources |author=Eko Prayitno Joko |language=ms, en |publisher=[[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519044519/http://www.ums.edu.my/fksw/images/files/IsuPemilikanWilayahPantaiTimurSabahSatuPenelusurandaripadaSudutSumberSejarah.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> The Sulus claimed that Sultan Muhyiddin had promised to cede the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to them in compensation for their help in settling the civil war.<ref name= "Sidhu2009"/><ref name="Brunei history">{{cite book |author=Bachamiya Abdul Hussainmiya |title=Brunei: revival of 1906: a popular history |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7UuAQAAIAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Brunei Press |isbn=978-99917-32-15-2| via= Google Books}}</ref> The territory seems have not been ceded formally, but the Sulus continued to claim the territory, with Brunei weakened and unable to resist.<ref name="ssc">{{cite news |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims |title=Sabah and the Sulu claims |author=Rozan Yunos |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617035533/http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims |archive-date=17 June 2014 }}</ref> After the war with the Spanish, the area in northern Borneo began to fall under the influence of the Sulu Sultanate.<ref name="Sidhu2009"/><ref name="Brunei history"/> The [[Seafarers|seafaring]] [[Bajau people|Bajau]]-[[Tausūg people|Suluk]] and [[Illanun people]] then arrived from the Sulu Archipelago and started settling on the coasts of north and eastern Borneo,<ref>{{cite book |author=James Francis Warren |title= Iranun and Balangingi: globalization, maritime raiding and the birth of ethnicity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w1_3-ff6u-gC&pg=PA409 |date= 2002 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-242-1 |page=409| via= Google Books}}</ref> many of them fleeing from the oppression of [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish colonialism]].<ref name="Indonesian demographic">{{cite book |title=Mencari Indonesia: demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto |trans-title=Finding Indonesia: post-Soeharto demographic politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLVTKSefAtIC&pg=PA123 |year=2007 |language=id | via= Google Books |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=978-979-799-083-1 |page=123}}</ref> While the thalassocratic Brunei and Sulu sultanates controlled the western and eastern coasts of Sabah respectively, the interior region remained largely independent from either kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ranjit Singh |title=The Making of Sabah, 1865–1941: The Dynamics of Indigenous Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9xuAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |isbn=978-983-100-095-3| via= Google Books}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Bulungan]]'s influence was limited to the Tawau area,<ref>{{cite book |author=R. Haller-Trost |title=The Contested Maritime and Territorial Boundaries of Malaysia: An International Law Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65VuAAAAMAAJ |date= 1998 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=978-90-411-9652-1| via= Google Books}}</ref> which came under the influence of the Sulu Sultanate before gaining its own rule after the 1878 treaty between the British and Spanish governments.<ref>{{cite book |author=Burhan Djabier Magenda |title=East Kalimantan: The Decline of a Commercial Aristocracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9T74ges6DIC&pg=PT42 |year=2010 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-602-8397-21-6 |page=42| via= Google Books}}</ref>