Editing SEPECAT Jaguar (section)

==Design==
===Overview===
[[File:JaguarGR3 41Sqn RAF 1999.jpeg|thumb|RAF Jaguar GR3 with view of overwing AIM-9L Sidewinder missile.]]
The Jaguar is an orthodox single-seat, swept-wing, twin-engine [[monoplane]] design, with tall [[tricycle gear|tricycle-type]] retractable [[landing gear]].<ref name="WAPJ11 p58,71"/> In its original configuration, it had a maximum take-off weight in the 15 tonne class;<ref name="JAWA80 p106-7">Taylor 1980, pp. 106–107.</ref> with a combat radius on internal fuel of {{convert|850|km|mi|abbr=on}}, giving the Jaguar a greater operational range than competitor aircraft such as the [[Mikoyan MiG-27]].<ref>Tellis 2001, p. 535.</ref> The aircraft had hardpoints fitted for an external weapons load of up to 10,000&nbsp;lb (4,500&nbsp;kg).<ref name="JAWA80 p106-7"/> Typical weapons fitted included the Matra LR.F2 rocket pod, BAP 100-mm bombs, [[Martel (missile)|Martel]] AS.37 anti-radar missiles, [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, and [[CBU-100 Cluster Bomb|Rockeye cluster bombs]].<ref name = 'glenn 8'/><ref name = 'glenn 9'>Glenn 2005, p. 9.</ref><ref name = 'glenn 40'>Glenn 2005, p. 40.</ref> The RAF's Jaguars gained several new weapons during the Gulf War, including [[CRV7]] high-velocity rockets and American [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition|CBU-87]] [[cluster bomb]]s.<ref name="WAPJ11 p63-6">Jackson 1992, pp. 63–66.</ref> Finally, the Jaguar was equipped with either a pair of 30&nbsp;mm autocannon - the French [[DEFA cannon]], or British [[ADEN cannon]].<ref name="auto">Wagner 2009, p. 123.</ref><ref name="owen 217">Owen 2000, p. 217.</ref>

The Jaguar International had the unusual option of overwing pylons, used for short-range air-to-air missiles, such as the [[R.550 Magic|Matra R550 Magic]] or the Sidewinder. This option freed up the under-wing pylons for other weapons and stores. RAF Jaguars gained overwing pylons in the buildup to [[Operation Granby]] in 1990,<ref name="IAPR11 p64">Jackson 1992, p. 64.</ref> but French Jaguars were not modified.<ref name="IAPR11 p69">Jackson 1992, p. 69.</ref>

===Engine===
{{main|Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour}}
The SEPECAT Jaguar is powered by the [[Rolls-Royce Turbomeca]] Adour [[turbofan]] engine, which was developed in parallel with, and primarily for the Jaguar. A separate partnership was formed between Rolls-Royce and Turbomeca to develop the Adour, a two-shaft turbofan engine with [[afterburner]].<ref name="JAWA80 p105"/> Twin engines were selected for survivability. Ease of maintenance was major consideration, an engine change being possible within 30 minutes. For the Jaguars it needed a low bypass capable of high thrust for take off, supersonic flight and low level "dashes".<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 19-20.</ref>

[[File:Jaguar Refueling.JPEG|thumb|RAF Jaguar GR3 during [[Aerial refueling|mid-air refueling.]]]]

When the first prototype Jaguar flew on 8&nbsp;September&nbsp;1968, it was also the first flight for the engine.<ref name="1stFlight"/> In its initial development the Adour engine had complications with the stability of the [[afterburner]] system,<ref>Gunston, Bill. "The Phoenix of Derby." ''New Scientist'', Vol. 52, No. 773, 9 December 1971, p. 76.</ref> and shipboard testing showed slow throttle response times, problematic in the situation of an aborted landing; engine improvements rectified these problems prior to the Jaguar coming into service.<ref name="WAPJ11 p77"/> In French service, the Jaguars were introduced using the original Mk.101 engine. RAF Jaguars entered service using the Mk.102 engine, mainly featuring better afterburner-throttle control over the Mk.101.<ref>Ford, T. "Rolls-Royce Adour." ''Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology'', 51(3), 1979, pp. 2–5.</ref> The RAF later had its Jaguars re-engined around 1981 with the improved Adour Mk.104, and again in 1999 with the Mk.106, each providing greater performance.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94">Jackson 1992, p. 94.</ref><ref name = 'morebite'/>

The Adour was developed into both afterburning and non-afterburning models;<ref name = 'RR spcs'>[http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence/products/combat_jets/adour.jsp "Adour: Product Description."] ''Rolls-Royce'', Retrieved: 22 January 2011.</ref> the Hawk, which had beaten the Jaguar to fulfill the Air Staff Target 362 trainer requirement, also used the non-afterburning Adour engine.<ref name = 'RR spcs'/> Other applications include the [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk]], the [[Mitsubishi T-2]], and derived [[Mitsubishi F-1]].<ref name="Sekigawa p130">Sekigawa 1980, p. 130.</ref>

===Avionics===
[[File:Cockpit of Jaguar GR.3A.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of an RAF Jaguar GR3A.]]
From the outset the Jaguar was equipped with a navigation and attack system. While A versions had a reliable double gyroscopic system and a [[Doppler radar]] derived from the Mirage IIIE, the GR1s had a totally new digital system with an [[inertial navigation system]] and a [[heads-up display]], plus a Laser Ranging and Marked Targeting System (LRMTS) in the nose. These systems were a step above the current technology of the time, but reliability was quite low.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

There were many more systems added with the time, like the Atlis II in the French aircraft, and, in 1994–95, some GR1s had laser-designator systems fitted. Missiles like [[AS-30]] and the anti-ship [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] were added. Some IAF aircraft had the Agave radar system, purposely for maritime strike. India later developed the DARIN system in its Jaguar fleet, with a modern 1553 databus.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Although in operational theatres such as the [[Gulf War]] the Jaguar proved to be mechanically more reliable than the [[Panavia Tornado]], the aircraft's avionics were a hindrance to conducting missions.<ref name = 'D&C 34'>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 34.</ref> Owing to the Jaguar A's shortcomings in navigation and target acquisition, French Jaguars had to be escorted by Mirage F1CR reconnaissance aircraft to act as guides. The Jaguar provided a valuable component of the campaign; the RAF detachment of 12 Jaguars flew 612 combat sorties, with no aircraft lost.<ref name="WAPJ11 p93">Jackson 1992, p. 93.</ref>

Significant changes were made both during and shortly after the war.<ref name="Barrie"/> Both French and British Jaguars had recently-developed [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receivers fitted, more accurate than their previous navigational systems.<ref name = 'R&H 151'>Russell and Hasik 2002, p. 151.</ref> Prior to [[Operation Deliberate Force]], the 1995 NATO bombing campaign in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], a dozen Jaguars were upgraded with the capability to carry the [[TIALD]] [[laser designator]] pod and [[British military aircraft designation systems|redesignated]] ''Jaguar GR1B'' or ''T2B'' respectively.<ref name="AI Oct97 p226-8">Lake ''Air International'' October 1997, pp. 226–228.</ref> Shortly afterwards, the RAF upgraded its Jaguar fleet to a common standard, incorporating TIALD and the ability to use new reconnaissance pods. The interim GR3 (''Jaguar 96'') upgrade added a new [[Head-up display|HUD]], a new [[Joystick|hand controller]] and stick top, integrated GPS and [[TERPROM]] Terrain Referenced Navigation.<ref name="Barrie">Barrie ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 8–14 April 1998, pp. 30–32.</ref><ref name="AI Nov97 p274-6">Lake ''Air International'' November 1997, pp. 274–276.</ref> The further upgraded ''Jaguar GR3A'' introduced the new EO GP1 (JRP) digital reconnaissance pod, a helmet-mounted sight, improved cockpit displays, a datalink, and improved [[Night vision device|night vision goggles]] compatibility.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359-0">Lake ''Air International'' December 2000, pp. 359–360.</ref>
A single Jaguar was converted into the Jaguar Active Control Technology (ACT) with [[fly-by-wire]] controls and aerodynamic alterations to the airframe, allowing aerodynamic instability which improved manoeuvrability, providing data used in the development of the [[Eurofighter]].<ref>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/sepecat-jaguar-act-demonstrator.cfm ''SEPECAT Jaguar ACT Demonstrator.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105041649/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/sepecat-jaguar-act-demonstrator.cfm |date=5 January 2011 }} ''RAF Museum Cosford.'' Retrieved: 2 January 2011.</ref>