Editing Russia (section)

=== Kievan Rus' ===
{{Main|Rus' Khaganate|Kievan Rus'|List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine}}
[[File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png|thumb|[[Kievan Rus']] after the [[Council of Liubech]] in 1097]]
The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of [[Varangians]], the [[Vikings]] who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic [[From the Varangians to the Greeks|to the Black]] and [[Volga trade route|Caspian]] Seas.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref name="Borrero-p3">{{cite book |surname=Borrero |given=Mauricio |title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |series=European Nations |place=New York |publisher=Facts on File |year=2004 |isbn=0-8160-4454-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC |page=3}}</ref> According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', a Varangian from the [[Rus' people]], named [[Rurik]], was elected ruler of [[Novgorod]] in 862. In 882, his successor [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]] ventured south and conquered [[Kiev]], which had been previously paying tribute to the [[Khazars]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref name="Borrero-p3" /> Rurik's son [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]] and Igor's son [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav]] subsequently subdued all local [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii|author-link=Serhii Plokhy |title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |page=13 |isbn=978-0-521-86403-9}}</ref> and launched several military expeditions to [[Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'|Byzantium]] and [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Obolensky |first=Dimitri |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol |title=Byzantium & the Slavs |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-88141-008-2 |pages=75–108 |publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Francis Donald Logan|Logan, Donald F.]] |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingsinhistory00loga |title=The Vikings in History|edition=2nd |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-08396-6 |page=201 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015) and his son [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054) constitute the [[Golden Age]] of Kiev, which saw [[Christianisation of Kievan Rus'|the acceptance of]] Orthodox Christianity from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]], and the creation of the first East Slavic written [[legal code]], the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]''.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The age of [[feudalism]] and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the [[Rurik dynasty]] that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the north-east, the [[Novgorod Republic]] in the north, and [[Galicia-Volhynia]] in the south-west.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities.<ref name="Channon-1995"/> Prince [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] sacked Kiev in 1169 and made [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] his base,<ref name="Channon-1995">{{cite book |last1=Channon |first1=John |title=The Penguin historical atlas of Russia |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=0140513264 |page=16}}</ref> leading to political power being shifted to the north-east.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}

Led by Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]], Novgorodians repelled the invading [[Swedes]] in the [[Battle of the Neva]] in 1240,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of the Neva |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329054701/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the [[Northern Crusades|Germanic crusaders]] in the [[Battle on the Ice]] in 1242.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Donald |year=2006 |title=Alexander Nevskii's "Battle on the Ice": The Creation of a Legend |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |volume=33 |pages=289–312 |doi=10.1163/187633106X00186 |jstor=24664446 |number=2/4}}</ref>

Kievan Rus' finally fell to the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion]] of 1237–1240, which resulted in the [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|sacking of Kiev]] and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The invaders, later known as [[Tatars]], formed the state of the [[Golden Horde]], which ruled over Russia for the next two centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halperin |first=Charles J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPwX2dW-V6sC&pg=PA7 |title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |date=1987 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20445-5 |page=7 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813152923/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPwX2dW-V6sC&pg=PA7 |url-status=live}}</ref> Only the Novgorod Republic escaped foreign occupation after it agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} Galicia-Volhynia would later be absorbed by [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]], while the Novgorod Republic continued to prosper in the north. In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form the Russian autocratic state.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}