Editing Rosa Luxemburg (section)

==== Education and activism ====
[[File:Rosa Luxemburg, zwölfjährig.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Rosa Luxemburg at age 12, {{circa|1883}}]]

In 1884, she enrolled at an all-girls' [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (secondary school) in Warsaw, which she attended until 1887.<ref name=RLlautHDK>{{cite web|title=Luxemburg, Rosa|publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin|work=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten|url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4740|author1=Weber, Hermann|author2-link=Andreas Herbst|author2=Herbst, Andreas|access-date=16 January 2019|author1-link=Hermann Weber}}</ref> The Second Women's Gymnasium was a school that only rarely accepted Polish applicants and acceptance of Jewish children was even more exceptional. At this school, the children were only permitted to speak Russian.,<ref name="Luxemburg2017">{{cite book|editor-first1=Luise |editor-last1=Kautsky |title=Rosa Luxemburg: Briefe aus dem Gefängnis: Denken und Erfahrungen der internationalen Revolutionärin|work=Information is taken not from the letters themselves but from a lengthy biographical essay which appears at the end of the volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3JFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|year=2017|publisher=Musaicum Books|isbn=978-80-7583-324-2|page=55}}</ref> but Róża attended secret circles in which the works of Polish poets and writers were studied; officially this was forbidden due to the policy of [[Russification of Poles during the Partitions|Russification against Poles]] being pursued in the Russian Empire at the time.<ref name="tych1">{{cite book|last=Tych|first=Feliks|date=2018|editor-last=Wielgosz|editor-first=Przemysław|title=O rewolucji: 1905, 1917|publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa"|page=13|chapter=Przedmowa|isbn=978-8365304599}}</ref> Nonetheless, from 1886, Luxemburg belonged to the illegal Polish left-wing [[Proletariat (party)|Proletariat Party]] which had been founded in 1882, anticipating the left-wing Russian parties by twenty years. She began political activities by organising a [[general strike]], which ended with four of the Proletariat Party leaders being put to death and the party being disbanded, though the remaining members, including Luxemburg, kept meeting in secret. In 1887, she passed her [[matura]] ([[secondary school]] examinations).

[[File:Rosa Luxemburg's dissertation.jpg|thumb|Inaugural dissertation for the award of a doctorate in political science from the Faculty of Political Science of the University of Zurich. In the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland|Jewish Museum Switzerland]].]] Wanted by the tsarist police because of her activity in Proletariat, Rosa hid in the countryside, working as private tutor at a {{lang|pl|[[Manor houses of Polish nobility|dworek]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tych|first=Feliks|date=2018|editor-last=Wielgosz|editor-first=Przemysław|title=O rewolucji: 1905, 1917|publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa"|pages=13–14|chapter=Przedmowa|isbn=978-8365304599}}</ref> In order to escape detention, she fled to [[Switzerland]] through the "green border" in 1889.<ref name="tych2">{{cite book|last=Tych|first=Feliks|date=2018|editor-last=Wielgosz|editor-first=Przemysław|title=O rewolucji: 1905, 1917|publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa"|page=14|chapter=Przedmowa|isbn=978-8365304599}}</ref> She attended the [[University of Zurich]] (as did the socialists [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] and [[Leo Jogiches]]), where she studied philosophy, history, politics, economics, zoology<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Blixer |first=Rene |date=2019-01-10 |title=Rosa's secret collection |url=https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/rosas-secret-collection/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Exberliner |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Rosa Luxemburg: A Thousand More Things |url=https://rosalux.nyc/events/rosa-luxemburg-a-thousand-more-things/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=rosalux.nyc |language=en}}</ref> and mathematics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zych |first1=Marcin |last2=Dolatowski |first2=Jakub |last3=Kirpluk |first3=Izabella |last4=Werblan-Jakubiec |first4=Hanna |date=2023-06-03 |title=A "plant love story": The lost (and found) private herbarium of the radical socialist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120172000 |journal=Plants People Planet |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=852–858 |doi=10.1002/PPP3.10396|s2cid=259066901 |doi-access=free }}</ref> She specialised in {{lang|de|Staatswissenschaft}} (political science), economic and [[stock exchange]] crises, and the [[Middle Ages]]. The University of Zurich awarded her a [[Doctor of Law]] degree and her [[thesis|doctoral dissertation]] "The Industrial Development of [[Poland]]" ({{lang|de|Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens}}) was officially presented in the spring of 1897 and was published by Duncker and Humblot in Leipzig in 1898. An oddity in Zurich, she was one of the first women in the world, and of course the first Polish woman, to be awarded a doctorate in political economy<ref name="tych2" /><ref name="winkler">{{cite web |url=https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2019/06/24/roza-luksemburg-pierwsza-polka-z-doktoratem-z-ekonomii/ |title=Róża Luksemburg. Pierwsza Polka z doktoratem z ekonomii |last=Winkler |first=Anna |date=2019-06-24 |website=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl |access-date=2021-07-21 |language=pl }}</ref>

In 1893, with Leo Jogiches and [[Julian Marchlewski]] (alias Julius Karski), Luxemburg founded the newspaper {{lang|pl|Sprawa Robotnicza}} (''The Workers' Cause'') which opposed the [[Nationalism|nationalist]] policies of the [[Polish Socialist Party]]. Luxemburg believed that an independent Poland could arise and exist only through socialist revolutions in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. She maintained that the struggle should be against [[capitalism]], not just for Polish independence. Her position of denying a national right of [[self-determination]] provoked a philosophic disagreement with [[Vladimir Lenin]]. She and Leo Jogiches co-founded the [[Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania]] (SDKPiL) party, after merging in Congress Poland's and Lithuania's social democratic organisations. Despite living in Germany for most of her adult life, Luxemburg was the principal theoretician of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP, later the SDKPiL) and led the party in a partnership with Jogiches, its principal organiser.<ref name="tych2" /> She remained sentimental towards Polish culture, her favourite poet was [[Adam Mickiewicz]], and she vehemently opposed the [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation of Poles]] in the [[Prussian Partition]]; in 1900 she published a brochure against this in [[Poznań]].<ref name="tych5">{{cite book|last=Tych|first=Feliks|date=2018|editor-last=Wielgosz|editor-first=Przemysław|title=O rewolucji: 1905, 1917|publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa"|page=18|chapter=Przedmowa|isbn=978-8365304599}}</ref> Earlier, in 1893, she also wrote against the Russification of Poles by the Russian Empire's absolutist government.<ref name="sprawaPL">{{cite journal|last1=Luksemburg|first1=Róża|date=July 1893|title=O wynaradawianiu (Z powodu dziesięciolecia rządów jen.-gub. Hurki)|journal=Sprawa Robotnicza}}</ref>