Editing Roman Breviary (section)

===Medieval breviaries===
The Breviary proper only dates from the 11th century; the earliest manuscript containing the whole canonical office is of the year 1099, and is in the Mazarin library. Gregory VII (pope 1073–1085), too, simplified the liturgy as performed at the Roman court, and gave his abridgment the name of Breviary, which thus came to denote a work which from another point of view might be called a Plenary, involving as it did the collection of several works into one. There are several extant specimens of 12th-century Breviaries, all Benedictine, but under Innocent III (pope 1198–1216) their use was extended, especially by the newly founded and active Franciscan order. These preaching friars, with the authorization of Gregory IX, adopted (with some modifications, e.g. the substitution of the "Gallican" for the "Roman" version of the Psalter) the Breviary hitherto used exclusively by the Roman court, and with it gradually swept out of Europe all the earlier partial books (Legendaries, Responsories), etc., and to some extent the local Breviaries, like that of Sarum. Finally, [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]] (pope 1277–1280) adopted this version both for the curia and for the basilicas of Rome, and thus made its position secure.<ref name=EB1911/>

Before the rise of the [[Mendicant Orders|mendicant orders]] (wandering [[friar]]s) in the 13th century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes. The first occurrence of a single manuscript of the [[Canonical hours|daily office]] was written by the [[Benedictine]] order at [[Monte Cassino]] in [[Italy]] in 1099. The Benedictines were not a mendicant order, but a stable, [[monastery]]-based order, and single-volume breviaries are rare from this early period.

The arrangement of the [[Psalms]] in the [[Rule of St. Benedict]] had a profound impact upon the breviaries used by secular and monastic clergy alike, until 1911 when Pope [[Pius X]] introduced his reform of the Roman Breviary. In many places, every diocese, order or ecclesiastical province maintained its own edition of the breviary.

However, mendicant friars travelled frequently and needed a shortened, or abbreviated, daily office contained in one portable book, and single-volume breviaries flourished from the thirteenth century onwards. These abbreviated volumes soon became very popular and eventually supplanted the [[Catholic Church]]'s [[Curia]] office, previously said by non-monastic [[clergy]].