Editing Robert of Jumièges (section)

==Outlawing, death, and legacy==
After Godwin left England, he went to [[Flanders]], and gathered a fleet and mercenaries to force the king to allow his return. In the summer of 1052, Godwin returned to England and was met by his sons, who had invaded from Ireland. By September, they were advancing on London, where negotiations between the king and the earl were conducted with the help of [[Stigand]], the [[Bishop of Winchester]].<ref name="Mason69">Mason ''House of Godwine'' pp. 69–75</ref> When it became apparent that Godwin would be returning, Robert quickly left England<ref name="Barlow124">Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 124</ref> with Bishop [[Ulfus Normanus|Ulf of Dorchester]] and Bishop William of London, probably once again taking Wulfnoth and Hakon with him as hostages, whether with the permission of King Edward or not.<ref name="Walker47">Walker ''Harold'' p. 47</ref>{{efn|Ulf never returned to England, but William was allowed to return eventually.<ref name="Rex12">Rex ''Harold II'' p. 12</ref>}} Robert was declared an outlaw and deposed from his archbishopric on 14&nbsp;September 1052 at a royal council, mainly because the returning Godwin felt that Robert, along with a number of other Normans, had been the driving force behind his exile.<ref name="Handbook214" /><ref name="Barlow124" />{{efn|Edith, after her father's restoration to power, was returned to court and reinstated as queen.<ref name="Mason75">Mason ''House of Godwine'' p. 75</ref>}} Robert journeyed to Rome to complain to the pope about his own exile,<ref name="Barlow126">Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 126</ref> where Leo IX and successive popes condemned Stigand,<ref name="Walker50">Walker ''Harold'' p. 50–51</ref> whom Edward had appointed to Canterbury.<ref name="Stafford94">Stafford ''Unification and Conquest'' p. 94</ref> Robert's personal property was divided between Earl Godwin, Harold Godwinson, and the queen, who had returned to court.<ref name="ASE568">Stenton ''Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 568</ref>

Robert died at Jumièges,<ref name="Higham137">Higham ''Death of Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 137</ref> but the date of his death is unclear. Various dates are given, with Ian Walker, the biographer of Harold arguing for between 1053 and 1055,<ref name="Walker37" /> but [[H. E. J. Cowdrey]], who wrote Robert's ''[[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' entry, says on 26&nbsp;May in either 1052 or 1055.<ref name="DNB" />{{efn|Note that May 1052 is probably wrong, as it is prior to the September 1052 date when, according to most historians, Robert fled England.<ref name="DNB" /><ref name="Walker37" /><ref name="Loyn59" />}} [[H. R. Loyn]], another modern historian, argues that it is likely that he died in 1053.<ref name="Loyn59">Loyn ''English Church'' p. 59</ref>

Robert's treatment was used by William as one of the justifications for [[Norman invasion of England|his invasion of England]], the other being that Edward had named William his heir. Ian Walker, author of the most recent scholarly biography of [[Harold Godwinson]], suggests that it was Robert, while in exile after the return of Godwin, who testified that King Edward had nominated Duke William to be Edward's heir.<ref name="Walker50" /> However, this view is contradicted by [[David C. Douglas|David Douglas]], a historian and biographer of William the Conqueror, who believes that Robert merely relayed Edward's decision, probably while Robert was on his way to Rome to receive his pallium.<ref name="Douglas167" /> Several medieval chroniclers, including the author of the ''Life of Saint Edward'', felt that the blame for Edward and Godwin's conflict in 1051–1052 lay squarely with Robert;<ref name="Emma">Stafford ''Queen Emma and Queen Edith'' p. 11</ref> modern historians tend to see Robert as an ambitious man, with little political skill.<ref name="DNB" />