Editing Robert Winchelsey (section)

===Disputes with Edward I===
Winchelsey was a fearless opponent of Edward I. When he swore his oath of fealty to Edward, he offended the king by adding a declaration that he was only swearing fealty for the [[temporalities]], not the [[spiritualities]]. All through his term as archbishop he refused to allow Edward to tax the clergy beyond certain levels, and withstood severe pressure to change his mind. In August 1295, he offered the king a tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues, less than Edward had hoped to collect from the clergy. Winchelsey did concede though that if the war with France, which was what the money was requested to fund, continued into the following year, then the clergy would be amenable to making further contributions.<ref name=Edward405>Prestwich. ''Edward I'' p. 405</ref>

Following the issue of the papal bull ''[[Clericis laicos]]'' in 1296, forbidding the payment of taxes to a secular power, Winchelsey urged his clergy in 1297 to refuse payments to Edward. However, the clergy of the province of York paid a tax of a fifth of their revenues. Edward then declared clerics who refused to pay outlaws, and ordered their property to be seized. He conceded that the clergy could return to his protection if they paid a fine of a fifth of their revenues, exactly what the northern clergy had offered in the way of taxation. The royal clerks and many other clergy paid the fines, and in March, the southern clergy met again, and after a long debate, Winchelsey instructed each clerk to decide for himself whether or not to pay the fine. It appears that most chose to pay,<ref name=Edward415>Prestwich. ''Edward I'' pp. 415–17.</ref> but the archbishop still refused to make any contribution, and so Edward seized his lands. They were returned to him in July 1297, when the king and prelate were reconciled at [[Westminster]].<ref name=Powell232>Powell and Wallis ''House of Lords'' pp. 232–35</ref> Winchelsey then tried to mediate between Edward and the earls, who also objected to Edward's tax demands.<ref name=Edward420>Prestwich ''Edward I'' p. 420</ref>

Winchelsey further irritated Edward with his opposition to the [[Bishop of Lichfield]], [[Walter Langton]], who was the king's [[Lord High Treasurer|treasurer]].<ref name=DNB/> The king was not the only one to be upset by the archbishop; the abbot of Oseney, in 1297, was so affected by a rebuke from him that he suffered a fatal heart attack.<ref name=Edward412>Prestwich ''Edward I'' pp. 412–413</ref> In 1299, Winchelsey and the king briefly reconciled, and the archbishop presided at the king's second marriage, to [[Marguerite of France (born 1282)|Margaret of France]], at Canterbury.<ref name=Edward521>Prestwich ''Edward I'' p. 521</ref> Winchelsey vigorously asserted his authority over his [[Suffragan bishop|suffragan]], or subordinate bishops, quarrelled with Pope [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]] over a [[Sussex]] living, and was [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by one of the pope's clerks in 1301. He was absolved in 1302.<ref name=BHOCant/>