Editing Riyadh (section)

===First Saudi State===
[[File:1922 map Riyadh by Philby.png|thumb|1922 map of the [[walled town of Riyadh]]]]
In 1745, [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] formed an alliance with [[Muhammad ibn Saud]], the ruler of the nearby town of [[Diriyah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=منطقة الدرعية القديمة |url=https://archive.today/20150828172447/http://urbplandep.alriyadh.gov.sa/ara/art.asp?id=21 |archive-url= |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=alriyadh.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref> Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state. Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied with forces from [[al-Kharj|Al Kharj]], [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al Ahsa]], and the [[Banu Yam]] clan of [[Najran]]. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending long years of wars, and leading to the declaration of the [[First Saudi State]], with Diriyah as its capital.{{sfn|Cybriwsky|2013|p=258}}

The First Saudi State was ended by forces sent by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], acting on behalf of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Ottoman forces razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818.{{sfn|Cybriwsky|2013|p=258}} They had maintained a garrison at [[Najd]]. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14}} [[Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad]] became the first Amir of the [[Second Saudi State]]; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14}} In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital.<ref name=Report>{{cite book|title=The Report: Saudi Arabia 2008|year = 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&pg=PA208|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-902339-00-9|page=208}}</ref> Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin, took control of the capital, and refused to be controlled by the [[Viceroy of Egypt]]. Najd was then invaded, and Faisal was taken captive and held in [[Cairo]]. However, as [[Egypt]] became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd, and resumed his reign, ruling until 1865 and consolidating the reign of the House of Saud.{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14}}

Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by [[Rashidi dynasty|Muhammad bin Rashid]] who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans, and also captured [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Hasa]] in 1871. In 1889, [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal]], the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14}}

Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival [[Rashidi dynasty|Al Rashid]] clan, which ruled from the northern city of [[Ha'il]]. The [[al-Masmak]] fort dates from that period.<ref name=Report/>

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to [[Kuwait]] with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]] retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15}} He named his kingdom as [[Saudi Arabia]] in September 1932{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15}} with Riyadh as the capital.{{sfn|Facey|1992|p=271}} King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the [[House of Saud|Saud]] rule in 1727. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.{{sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15}}