Editing Richard I of England (section)

===Final years of Henry II's reign===
[[File:Richard I pictavinus 722697.jpg|thumb|A silver [[French denier|denier]] of Richard, struck in his capacity as count of Poitiers]]
After the conclusion of the war, the process of pacifying the provinces that had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled to Anjou for this purpose, and Geoffrey dealt with Brittany. In January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish the barons who had fought for him. The historian [[John Gillingham]] notes that the chronicle of [[Roger of Howden]] is the main source for Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most of the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to the state they were in 15&nbsp;days before the outbreak of war, while others were to be razed.<ref name="Gillingham 2002 52">{{Harvnb|Gillingham|2002|p=52.}}</ref> Given that by this time it was common for castles to be built in stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not an easy task.<ref name=Flori1999_41>{{Harvnb|Flori|1999|p=41}}</ref> Roger of Howden records the two-month siege of [[Castillon-sur-Agen]]; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege engines battered the defenders into submission.{{Sfn|Flori|1999|pp=41–42}}

On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/richard-the-lionheart-biography.htm|title=Richard the Lionheart Biography|website=www.medieval-life-and-times.info|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=Flori1999_41/><!--what exactly is this referencing? we have other sources stating that "the lion" first occurs in 1187, and "the lionheart" only 1191--> He is referred to as "this our lion" (''hic leo noster'') as early as 1187 in the ''[[Topographia Hibernica]]'' of ''[[Giraldus Cambrensis]]'',<ref>Giraldi Cambrensis topographia Hibernica, dist. III, cap. L; ed. James F. Dimock in: Rolles Series (RS), Band 21, 5, London 1867, S. 196.</ref> while the byname "lionheart" (''le quor de lion'') is first recorded in [[Ambroise]]'s ''L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte'' in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.<ref>''L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte'', v. 2310, ed. G. Paris in: ''Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France'', vol. 11, Paris 1897, col. 62.</ref>

Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him. It was suspected that the King had appropriated Alys of France, Richard's betrothed, as his [[mistress (lover)|mistress]]. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible in the eyes of the [[Catholic Church|Church]], but Henry prevaricated: he regarded Alys's [[dowry]], Vexin in the [[Île-de-France]], as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King [[Philip II of France]], a close ally.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens|last=Hilton|first=Lisa|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-2978-5749-5}}{{Page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Richest Queen in Medieval Europe|last=Hilliam|first=David|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4042-0162-0|pages=83}}</ref>
[[File:Gisant Richard Cœur de Lion3.JPG|thumb|left|Richard I in profile, funerary effigy above the tomb containing his heart in [[Rouen Cathedral]] (early 13th century)]]
After his failure to overthrow his father, Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the nobles of Aquitaine, especially in the territory of [[Gascony]]. The increasing cruelty of his rule led to a major revolt there in 1179. Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the help of his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the [[Charente|Charente Valley]] in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days. Richard's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In 1181–82, Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of [[Angoulême]]. His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the [[History of Limousin|Limousin]] and [[Périgord]]. The excessive cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility.<ref>"His reliance upon military force proved counterproductive. The more ruthless his punitive expeditions and the more rapacious his mercenaries' plundering, the more hostility he aroused. Even English chroniclers commented on the hatred aroused among Richard's Aquitanian subjects by his excessive cruelty"{{Harvnb|Turner|Heiser|2000|p=264}}<!--Roger of Hoveden, ''Gesta Henrici II Benedicti Abbatis'', vol. 1, p. 292.{{Huh}} what is this in reference of?--></ref>

After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his father. From 1180 to 1183 the tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry commanded Richard to pay homage to Henry the Young King, but Richard refused. Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt to subdue Richard. Richard's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly in June 1183 when the Young King died. With the death of Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving son and therefore heir to the English crown. King Henry demanded that Richard give up Aquitaine (which he planned to give to his youngest son John as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. This refusal is what finally made Henry II bring Queen Eleanor out of prison. He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2014|p=94}}</ref>

In 1187, to strengthen his position, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by [[Adela of Champagne]]. Roger of Howden wrote:

<blockquote>The King of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his way to [[Chinon]], and, in spite of the person who had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Roger of Hoveden|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64 64]}}
</ref></blockquote>

Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with the politics of the relationship between Richard and Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that this political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an official record announcing that, as a symbol of unity between the two countries, the kings of England and France had slept overnight in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing sexual about it;... a bit like a modern-day photo opportunity".{{Sfn|Martin|2008}}

With news arriving of the [[Battle of Hattin]], he took the cross at [[Tours]] in the company of other French nobles. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard paid homage to Philip in November 1188. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and Philip defeated Henry's army at [[Ballans]]. Henry agreed to name Richard his heir apparent. Two days later Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the nose in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a sign that Richard had caused his death.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}