Editing Richard III of England (section)

===Estates and titles===
Richard was granted the Dukedom of Gloucester on 1 November 1461,{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=6}} and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in [[northern England]], including the lordships of [[Richmond, Yorkshire|Richmond]] in Yorkshire, and [[Pembroke, Pembrokeshire|Pembroke]] in Wales. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian [[John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford]], in [[East Anglia]]. In 1462, on his birthday, he was made Constable of [[Gloucester Castle|Gloucester]] and [[Corfe Castle]]s and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine{{sfnp|Ross|1981|p=9}} and appointed Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made [[Constable of England]]. In November, he replaced [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings]], as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales.{{sfnp|Ross|1974|p=136}} On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and [[Lord High Admiral of England]]. Other positions followed: [[High Sheriff of Cumberland]] for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=74}} Two months later, on 14 July, he gained the Lordships of the strongholds [[Sheriff Hutton]] and Middleham in Yorkshire and [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] in Cumberland, which had belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker.{{sfnp|Hicks|2001|p=82}} It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes.{{refn|Says Kendall, "Richard had won his way back to Middleham Castle". However, any personal attachment he may have felt to Middleham was likely mitigated in his adulthood, as surviving records demonstrate he spent less time there than at [[Barnard Castle]] and [[Pontefract Castle|Pontefract]]." "No great magnate or royal duke in the fifteenth century had a 'home' in the twentieth-century sense of the word. Richard of Gloucester formed no more of a personal attachment to Middleham than he did to Barnard Castle or Pontefract, at both of which surviving records suggest he spent more time."{{sfnp|Kendall|1956|p=125}}|group=note}}