Editing Rhythm and blues (section)

===Late 1940s===
[[File:Big Joe Turner Rock and Roll Revue Apollo Theater 1955.jpg|thumb|upright=.85|left|[[Big Joe Turner]] was a key figure in early R&B, blending blues and rock.]]

R&B originated in [[African-American]] communities in the 1940s.<ref>The new blue music: changes in rhythm & blues, 1950–1999, p. 172.</ref> In 1948, [[RCA Victor]] was marketing black music under the name "Blues and Rhythm". In that year, [[Louis Jordan]] dominated the top five listings of the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|R&B charts]] with three songs, and two of the top five songs were based on the [[Boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]] rhythms that had come to prominence during the 1940s.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1947 |title=Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1947 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=December 23, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211063603/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1947 |archive-date=December 11, 2007 }}</ref> Jordan's band, the [[Tympany Five]] (formed in 1938), consisted of him on saxophone and vocals, along with musicians on trumpet, tenor saxophone, piano, bass and drums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldstatehouse.org/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id%3D939%26issue_id%3D12%26page%3D8 |title=Brinkley's Louis Jordan Is a Big Time Bandleader |access-date=January 5, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528084520/http://www.oldstatehouse.org/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=939&issue_id=12&page=8 |archive-date=May 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=8211 |title=Louis Jordan at All About Jazz |website=Allaboutjazz.com |access-date=January 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513002915/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=8211 |archive-date=May 13, 2009 }}</ref> Lawrence Cohn described the music as "grittier than his boogie-era jazz-tinged blues".<ref name=Cohn/>{{rp|173}} Robert Palmer described it as "urbane, rocking, jazz-based music&nbsp;... [with a] heavy, insistent beat".<ref name="palmer146">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Palmer (American writer)|title=Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta|date=July 29, 1982|publisher=Penguin|edition=paperback|isbn=978-0-14-006223-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146 146]|url=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146}}</ref> Jordan's music, along with that of [[Big Joe Turner]], [[Roy Brown (blues musician)|Roy Brown]], [[Billy Wright (musician)|Billy Wright]], and [[Wynonie Harris]], before 1949, was referred to as [[jump blues]]. Then, [[Paul Gayten]], Roy Brown, and others had had hits in the style now referred to as rhythm and blues. In 1948, Wynonie Harris's remake of Brown's 1947 recording "[[Good Rockin' Tonight]]" reached number two on the charts, following [[band leader]] [[Sonny Thompson]]'s "Long Gone" at number one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vocalgroupharmony.com/Swinging.htm |title=The Vocal Group Harmony Web Site |website=Vocalgroupharmony.com |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309211200/http://www.vocalgroupharmony.com/Swinging.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1948 |title=Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1948 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=December 23, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211063608/http://billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1948 |archive-date=December 11, 2007 }}</ref>

In 1949, the term "Rhythm and Blues" (R&B) replaced the Billboard category ''Harlem Hit Parade''.<ref name=Cohn/> Also in that year, "[[The Huckle-Buck]]", recorded by band leader and saxophonist [[Paul Williams (saxophonist)|Paul Williams]], was the number one R&B tune, remaining on top of the charts for nearly the entire year. Written by musician and arranger [[Andy Gibson]], the song was described as a "dirty boogie" because it was risque and raunchy.<ref>{{IMDb name|1444711|Andy Gibson|section=bio}}</ref> Paul Williams and His Hucklebuckers' concerts were sweaty riotous affairs that got shut down on more than one occasion. Their lyrics, by [[Roy Alfred]] (who later co-wrote the 1955 hit "[[(The) Rock and Roll Waltz]]"), were mildly sexually suggestive, and one teenager from Philadelphia said "That Hucklebuck was a very nasty dance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck1.html |title=Hucklebuck! |website=WFMU |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507041459/http://wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck2.html |title=Hucklebuck! |website=WFMU |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404093050/http://wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 1949, a new version of a 1920s blues song, "[[Ain't Nobody's Business]]" was a number four hit for [[Jimmy Witherspoon]], and Louis Jordan and the Tympany Five once again made the top five with "[[Saturday Night Fish Fry]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1949 |title=– Year End Charts&nbsp;– Year-end Singles&nbsp;– Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605093520/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1949 |archive-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> Many of these hit records were issued on new independent record labels, such as [[Savoy Records|Savoy]] (founded 1942), [[King Records (USA)|King]] (founded 1943), [[Imperial Records|Imperial]] (founded 1945), [[Specialty Records|Specialty]] (founded 1946), [[Chess Records|Chess]] (founded 1947), and [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] (founded 1948).<ref name=richards/>