Editing Republic (section)

=== Other ancient republics ===
The term ''republic'' is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city-states, especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco-Roman influence.<ref name="Ideas2099"/> However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics.

In the [[ancient Near East]], a number of cities of the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] achieved collective rule. Republic city-states flourished in [[Phoenicia]] along the [[Levant]]ine coast starting from the 11th century BC. In ancient Phoenicia, the concept of [[Shophet]] was very similar to a [[Consul|Roman consul]]. Under [[Persia|Persian rule]] (539–332 BC), Phoenician city-states such as [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] abolished the king system and adopted "a system of the [[Shophet|suffetes]] (judges), who remained in power for short mandates of 6 years".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jidejian |first1=Nina |title=TYRE Through The Ages (3rd ed.) |date=2018 |publisher=Beirut: Librairie Orientale |isbn=9789953171050 |pages=57–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Medlej |first1=Youmna Jazzar |last2=Medlej |first2=Joumana |title=Tyre and its history |date=2010 |publisher=Beirut: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. |isbn=978-9953-0-1849-2 |pages=1–30}}</ref> [[Arwad]] has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bernal | first1=M. | last2=Moore | first2=D.C. | title=Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics | publisher=Duke University Press | series=History / Classics | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-8223-2717-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC | pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC&pg=PA356 356]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC&dq=monarch&pg=PA357 357]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date= February 2018}} The [[Israelite]] confederation of the era of the [[Biblical judges|Judges]]<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Clarke
 | first1 = Adam
 | author-link1 = Adam Clarke
 | chapter = PREFACE To The BOOK OF JUDGES
 | title = The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: The Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred Writings
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Q8AAAAYAAJ
 | volume = 2
 | location = New-York
 | publisher = N. Bangs and J. Emory
 | date = 1825
 | page = 3
 | access-date = 10 June 2019
 | quote = The persons called Judges [...] were the heads or chiefs of the Israelites who governed the Hebrew Republic from the days of Moses and Joshua, till the time of Saul.
}}
</ref>
before the [[United Monarchy]] has also been considered a type of republic.<ref name="Ideas2099"/><ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Everdell
 | first1 = William Romeyn
 | author-link1 = William Everdell
 | year = 1983
 | chapter = Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism
 | title = The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans
 | url = https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever
 | url-access = registration
 | edition = 2
 | location = Chicago
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | publication-date = 2000
 | page = [https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever/page/18 18]
 | isbn = 9780226224824
 | access-date = 10 June 2019
 | quote = [...] Samuel [...] has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.
}}
</ref><ref name="William R. Everdell 2000">{{Harvcoltxt|Everdell|2000}}</ref> The system of government of the [[Igbo people#Traditional society|Igbo people]] in what is now [[Nigerian history|Nigeria]] has been described as "direct and participatory democracy".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nwauwa |first1=Apollos O. |title=Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited |url=http://upress.kent.edu/Nieman/Concepts_of_Democracy.htm |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814023812/http://upress.kent.edu/Nieman/Concepts_of_Democracy.htm |archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>