Editing Raleigh, North Carolina (section)

===19th century===
[[File:NC State Capitol 1861.jpg|thumb|right|[[North Carolina State Capitol]], {{circa|1861}}; Governor [[David Settle Reid|David S. Reid]] is in the foreground]]
[[File:Raleigh1872 BIG.jpg|thumb|right|Raleigh, North Carolina in 1872]]
[[File:NC State Treasurer's Office 1890.jpg|thumb|right|[[North Carolina State Treasurer]]s Office in State Capitol, {{circa|1890s}}]]
In 1808, [[Andrew Johnson]], the United States' future 17th President, was born at Casso's Inn in Raleigh.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Andrew Johnson Was Born in Raleigh, North Carolina |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/nation/jb_nation_johnson_1.html |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=www.americaslibrary.gov}}</ref> The city's first [[water supply network]] was completed in 1818, although due to system failures, the project was abandoned. In 1819 Raleigh's first volunteer [[Firefighter|fire company]] was founded, followed in 1821 by a full-time fire company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Firefighting History by Mike Legeros |url=https://legeros.com/history/fire/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=legeros.com}}</ref>

In 1817, the [[Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina]] was established and headquartered in Raleigh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historiographer's Welcome – Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina |url=https://www.episdionc.org/history/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=www.episdionc.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 1831, a fire destroyed the [[North Carolina State House]]. Two years later, reconstruction began with quarried [[gneiss]] being delivered by the first railroad in the state. Raleigh celebrated the completion of the new [[North Carolina State Capitol|State Capitol]] and new [[Raleigh and Gaston Railroad|Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Company]] in 1840.

In 1853, the first [[North Carolina State Fair|State Fair]] was held near Raleigh. The first institution of higher learning in Raleigh, [[Peace College]], was established in 1857. Raleigh's [[Historic Oakwood]] contains many houses from the 19th century that are still in good condition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Oakwood - Society for the Preservation of Historic Oakwood (SPHO) |url=https://www.historicoakwood.org/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Historic Oakwood - Society for the Preservation of Historic Oakwood (SPHO) |language=en-US}}</ref>

North Carolina seceded from the Union during the [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|American Civil War]] on May 20, 1861. After the war began, Governor [[Zebulon Baird Vance]] ordered the construction of [[Breastwork (fortification)|breastworks]] around the city as protection from [[Union Army|Union]] troops. Near the end of the Civil War, Governor Vance arranged his evacuation to avoid capture as [[William Tecumseh Sherman|Union General William Sherman's]] [[Campaign of the Carolinas|forces approached]] the city. Before leaving, Vance met with former governors [[William Alexander Graham|Graham]] and [[David Lowry Swain|Swain]] to draft a letter of surrender for Raleigh. Their intention was to protect Raleigh from [[Scorched earth#American Civil War|the destruction inflicted on other cities]] by Union troops. Graham and Swain departed to meet the advancing Federal forces on the morning of April 12, 1865, and were to return by that evening. The evening struck, but Graham and Swain had not returned due to train delays and their temporary capture by Sherman. Governor Vance left the evening after Graham and Sherman failed to return, leaving behind a letter giving Mayor William H. Harrison the authority to surrender. On the morning of April 13, Mayor Harrison among others went to the southern Wake County area to meet General [[Hugh Judson Kilpatrick]] and propose surrender. Kenneth Rayner, a long-time resident of Raleigh, delivered the proposal including a promise of no resistance. Kilpatrick agreed to accept the surrender and protect Raleigh from destruction. Kilpatrick's [[cavalry]] occupied Raleigh and removed the flagpole from the [[North Carolina State Capitol|state capitol]], replacing it with a [[Flag of the United States|United States Flag]] above the dome. Sherman arrived shortly after and established his headquarters in the [[North Carolina Executive Mansion|governor's mansion]]. The city was spared significant destruction during the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=H-29 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |publisher=[[North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources]] |website=North Carolina Highway Historical Landmark Program |title=Fall of Raleigh |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404205611/http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=H-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] cavalry retreated west, Union soldiers followed, leading to the [[Battle of Morrisville]] nearby.<ref name="The Battle of Morrisville">{{cite web |title=The Battle of Morrisville |publisher=Ernest Dollar |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~nixnox/history2.html |access-date=March 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512014502/http://www.mindspring.com/%7enixnox/history2.html |archive-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref>

Due to the economic and social problems of the postwar period and [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]], with a state economy still heavily dependent on agriculture, the city grew little over the next several decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstruction in North Carolina |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/reconstruction-north |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil War and Reconstruction |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Carolina-state/The-Civil-War-and-Reconstruction |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shaw University]], the South's first African American college, began classes in 1865 and was chartered in 1875.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaw University Historical Perspective |url=https://www.shawu.edu/About_Shaw/Historical_Perspective/?section=about-shaw |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=www.shawu.edu}}</ref> Its [[Estey Hall]] was the first building constructed for the higher education of Black women, and [[Leonard Hall (Shaw University)|Leonard Medical Center]] was the first four-year medical school in the country for African Americans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leonard Hall-- Raleigh: A Capital City: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/raleigh/Leo.htm |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>

In 1867, [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] clergy founded [[St. Augustine's College (Raleigh)|St. Augustine's College]] for the education of [[free negro|freedmen]]. The biracial Reconstruction legislature created new welfare institutions: in 1869, it approved the United States' first school for blind and deaf Black people, to be located in Raleigh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Morehead School |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/governor-morehead-school |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref> In 1874, the federal government constructed the [[Federal Building (Raleigh, North Carolina)|Federal Building]] in Raleigh, the first [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] project in the Southern U.S. following the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Building-- Raleigh: A Capital City: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/raleigh/fed.htm |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>

In 1880, the newspapers ''News'' and ''Observer'' combined to form ''[[The News & Observer]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raleigh News and Observer |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/raleigh-news-and-observer |access-date=2020-10-21|website=NCpedia}}</ref> It continues to be Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as [[North Carolina State University]], was founded as a [[land-grant college]] in 1887. The city's [[Rex Hospital]] opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as [[Meredith College]], opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Conservatory Of Music (1898-1924) |url=https://www.opendurham.org/buildings/southern-conservatory-music-1898-1924 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.opendurham.org}}</ref>

In the late nineteenth century, two Black Congressmen were elected from [[North Carolina's 2nd congressional district|North Carolina's 2nd district]], the last in 1898. [[George Henry White]] sought to promote civil rights for Black citizens and to challenge efforts by White Democrats to reduce Black voting by new discriminatory laws. He and his allies were unsuccessful. Based on a White supremacy campaign that returned Democrats to dominance, in 1900 the state legislature passed a new [[State constitution (United States)|constitution]], with a suffrage amendment that raised barriers to voter registration, resulting in the [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchisement]] of most Black citizens and many poor White citizens. Loss of the ability to vote also disqualified Black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office—local, state or federal. The rising Black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the [[North Carolina Republican Party|Republican Party]] was no longer competitive in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution, State |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/government/nc-constitution-history |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Source: The Suffrage Amendment |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/suffrage-amendment |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Struggle for Voting Rights |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/struggle-voting-rights |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref>

It was not until after federal [[civil rights]] legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of Black citizens in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. By that time many African Americans had left the state in the Great Migration to northern industrial cities for more opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Migration |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/history/cw-1900/great-migration#:~:text=Between%201900%20and%201940,%20almost,immigrants%20to%20New%20York%20State. |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=NCpedia}}</ref> No African American was elected to Congress from North Carolina until 1992.