Editing Punjabi language (section)

===Arabic and Persian influences===
{{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
The [[Arabic]] and [[New Persian|Modern Persian]] influence in the historical [[Punjab]] region began with the late first millennium [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book|title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab|author=Brard, G.S.S.|date=2007|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|isbn=9788170103608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|page=81|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Since then, many [[Persian language|Persian]] words have been incorporated into Punjabi<ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|author=Mir, F.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|author=Schiffman, H.|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004201453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|page=314|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> (such as ''zamīn'', ''śahir'' etc.) and are used with a liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like ''dukān'', ''ġazal'' and more, as well as [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words like ''qēncī'', ''sōġāt'', etc. After the fall of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh empire]], [[Urdu]] was made the official language of [[British Punjab|Punjab under the British]] (in [[Pakistani Punjab]], it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|language=en|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155506/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[second millennium]], Punjabi was [[Lexical semantics|lexically]] influenced by [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]  (words like ''almārī''), [[Greek language|Greek]] (words like ''dām''), [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (words like ''rikśā''), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (words like ''cāh'', ''līcī'', ''lukāṭh'') and [[English language|English]] (words like ''jajj'', ''apīl'', ''māsṭar''), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|author1=Menon, A.S.|author2=Kusuman, K.K.|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|page=87|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> In fact, the sounds /{{IPA link|z}}/ (ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز ژ ذ ض ظ}}}}), /{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ (ਗ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|غ}}}}), /{{IPA link|q}}/ (ਕ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ق}}}}), /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/ (ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}}), /{{IPA link|x}}/ (ਖ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|خ}}}}) and /{{IPA link|f}}/ (ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}}) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances the latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز}}}}, ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} and ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}} began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} also used in [[Tatsama|Sanskrit borrowings]].

Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Pashto]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! [[Gurmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, India]])
! [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, Pakistan]])
|-
| President
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rāshtarpatī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|صدرمملکت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sadar-e mumlikat''}})
|-
| Article
|{{lang|pa|ਲੇਖ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''lēkh''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|مضمون}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''mazmūn''}})
|-
| Prime Minister
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''pardhān mantarī''}})*
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|وزیراعظم}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''vazīr-e aʿzam''}})
|-
| Family
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਵਾਰ }} ({{transliteration|pa|''parvār''}})* <br />{{lang|pa|ਟੱਬਰ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''ṭabbar''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|خاندان}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''kḥāndān''}}) <br /> {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ٹبّر}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''ṭabbar''}})
|-
| Philosophy
|{{lang|pa|ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''falsafā''}}) <br />{{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਨ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshan''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|فلسفہ}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''falsafah''}})
|-
| Capital city
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rājdhānī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|دارالحکومت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''dār-al ḥakūmat''}})
|-
| Viewer
|{{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਕ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshak''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ناظرین}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''nāzarīn''}})
|-
| Listener
|{{lang|pa|ਸਰੋਤਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''sarotā''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|سامع}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sāmaʿ''}})
|}
<small>Note: In more formal contexts, [[hypercorrect]] [[Sanskritized]] versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ''pradhān'' for ਪਰਧਾਨ ''pardhān'' and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ''parivār'' for ਪਰਵਾਰ ''parvār'') may be used.</small>