Editing Punjab, Pakistan (section)

=== Medieval period ===
Following the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] at the beginning of the 8th century, [[Arab]] armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] penetrated into South Asia introducing [[Islam]] into the [[Punjab]]. First, Islam was introduced into the Southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the 16th century, [[Muslims]] were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of [[mosque]]s and [[Mausoleums of Multan|mausoleums]] marked the landscape. Local [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] converts constituted the majority of this [[Ummah|Muslim community]], and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the [[Conversion to Islam|Islamic confession of faith]] (''[[shahada]]''), the performance of the [[Khitan (circumcision)|circumcision]], and the ingestion of cow-meat.<ref name="oxford2">{{Cite book |last1=Rambo |first1=Lewis R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion |last2=Farhadian |first2=Charles E. |date=6 March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971354-7 |pages=489–491 |quote=First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana). |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=27 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Islam]] emerged as the major power in Punjab after the [[Umayyad|Umayyad army]] led by [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]] conquered the region [[History of Multan#Medieval era|in 711 AD]].<ref name=":9" /> The city of [[Multan]] became a centre of Islam. After the Umayyads conquered the key cities of [[Uch]] and Multan, they ruled the far areas of Punjab and included [[Kashmir]]. Islam spread rapidly.<ref name="Hudud 1970">{{Cite book |last=Hudud |first=al-Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tN9jMwEACAAJ&q=hudud+al+alam |title=Hudud Al-Alam, 'the Regions of the World': A Persian Geography, 327A.H. – 982A.D |date=1970 |publisher=Luzac |language=en}}</ref>

According to local traditions, [[Baba Ratan Hindi]] was a trader from [[Punjab]] who was one of the non-Arab [[Sahabah|companions of Prophet Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suvorova |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&dq=baba+ratan&pg=PA220 |title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries |date=2004-07-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37006-1 |page=220 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Köprülü |first=Mehmet Fuat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v6IWkCLnEwC&dq=baba+ratan&pg=PA79 |title=Early Mystics in Turkish Literature |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-36686-1 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> He was reportedly a trader who used to take goods to [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]. There is also a [[Sufi shrine|dargah]] named after him, the Haji Ratan Dargah, in [[Bathinda]], where he settled after his conversion to [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=PARIHAR |first=SUBHASH |date=2001 |title=The Dargāh of Bābā Ḥājī Ratan at Bhatinda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837077 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=105–132 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v40i1.5057 |issn=0578-8072 |jstor=20837077}}</ref> Muslims who migrated to Pakistan during the [[partition of India]] in 1947 still venerate him as Baba Haji Ratan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YiUDwAAQBAJ&dq=baba+ratan+partition&pg=PT190 |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=2019-04-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-51563-7 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>

In the ninth century, the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".}}</ref> In the 10th century, the tribe of the [[Gakhars]]/[[Khokhars]], formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48–50}}

'''Ghaznavid'''

The [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Ghaznavids]] in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. [[Multan]] and [[Uch]] were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated,<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |date=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 |language=en}}</ref> famous Sun Temple was destroyed. Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the [[Ghurid]] conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch, Multan and [[Lahore]] by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler [[Khusrau Malik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the death of [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans.{{sfn|Amjad|1989|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}} The [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruled Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluks]], [[Khalji dynasty|Khalajis]], [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]], [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyids]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]].

'''Delhi Sultanate'''

'''Tughlaqs'''

[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]], the former governor of [[Multan]] and [[Dipalpur]] founded the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region. Earlier, he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from the advances of Mongols and survived. After his death, his son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughlaq]] became the emperor.{{sfn|Amjad|1989|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}

'''Sayyid Dynasty'''

The 15th century saw the rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. [[Khizr Khan]] established the [[Sayyid dynasty]], the fourth dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years.<ref name="mrpislam">See:

* M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, Brill
* The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
* Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, {{ISBN|978-9004083417}}, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</ref> The first ruler of the dynasty, [[Khizr Khan]], who was the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] vassal of [[Multan]], conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers proclaimed themselves the Sultans of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]],<ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646}}</ref><ref name="Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008 103">{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810855038 |page=103}}</ref> which succeeded the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the [[Lodi dynasty]] in 1451.

Khizr Khan was originally a noble in the Delhi Sultanate during the [[Tughlaq Dynasty]] and was the governor of Multan under Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]]. He was expelled from the city by the Muin tribes under Sarang Khan who occupied Multan in 1395, an Indian Muslim and the brother of Mallu Iqbal Khan, who was the de facto ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&dq=mallu+khan+slave&pg=PA207 |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author2=David Gilmartin |author3=Munis D. Faruqui |author4=Richard M. Eaton |author5=Sunil Kuma | date=7 March 2013 |page=247 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |quote=Mallu Khan(also known as Iqbal Khan, a former slave}}</ref> Sarang Khan was aided by the servants of Malik Mardan Bhatti, a former governor of Multan and the grandfather of Khizr Khan by adoption.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=malik+mardan+bhatti&pg=PT298 |title=The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500 |date=2019-09-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-76068-2 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1398, [[Timur]] attacked the Punjab region. After his invasion, Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to [[Richard M. Eaton]], Khizr Khan was the son of a Punjabi chieftain.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117}}</ref> He was a [[Khokhar]] chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid society]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Orsini, Francesca |title=After Timur left : culture and circulation in fifteenth-century North India |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |pages=49 |oclc=913785752}}</ref>

Following Timur's 1398 [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|Sack of Delhi]], he appointed [[Khizr Khan]] as deputy of [[Multan]] ([[Punjab region|Punjab]]). He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kenneth Pletcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132 |title=The History of India |date=2010 |isbn=9781615301225 |page=138| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |isbn=9788121903646 |page=229| publisher=S. Chand }}</ref> Collecting his forces in Multan, Khizr Khan defeated and killed Mallu Iqbal Khan in Delhi in 1405.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2 |date=1979 |page=247}}</ref> He then captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan did not take up the title of [[Sultan]], but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as ''Rayat-i-Ala'' ([[vassal]]) of the [[Timurids]] - initially that of Timur, and later his son [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+,+Shah+Rukh+,+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+,+Mubarak+Khan+,+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers |title=Proceedings:Volume 55 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1995 |page=216}}</ref><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref> After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur |date=1971 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |page=52}}</ref>

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the [[Caliphate|Caliph]], and declared himself a Shah.<ref name="Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008 103"/> A detailed account of his reign is available in the ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' written by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi]]. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Shah]] from [[Budaun|Badaun]], and nominated him as successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Khaliq Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axluAAAAMAAJ |title=Supplement to Elliot & Dowson's History of India: Ghaznavids & the Ghurids |date=1981 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |language=en}}</ref>

The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0231107143 |page=304}}</ref>[[File:Khizr_Khan_(4).jpg|thumb|180x180px|Silver copper coin of [[Khizr Khan]], founder of the [[Sayyid dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...}}</ref>]]'''Langah Sultanate'''

In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of ''[[Langah (clan)|Langah tribe]]'',<ref name="Ahmed 1984 pp. 428–434">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Iftikhar |year=1984 |title=Territorial Distribution of Jatt Castes in Punjab c. 1595 – c. 1881 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=45 |pages=429, 432 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44140224}}</ref><ref name="Mubārak Blochmann 1891 p.321">{{cite book |last1=Mubārak |first1=A.F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8IXAAAAYAAJ |title=The Ain I Akbari |last2=Blochmann |first2=H. |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1891 |series=Bibliotheca Indica |page=321 |access-date=2022-07-28 |volume=2}}</ref><ref name="Lambrick p.212">{{cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H. T. |title=Sind : a general introduction |date=1975 |publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board |isbn=0-19-577220-2 |publication-place=Hyderabad |page=212 |oclc=2404471}}</ref> established the [[Langah Sultanate]] in [[Multan]]. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and some areas of present-day Khyber. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and the towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.{{sfn|Roseberry|1987|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}

During the most of 15th century, the [[Khokhars]] and [[Gakhars]] tribes were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. [[Jasrath Khokhar]] was one of their major chiefs who helped [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain Ul Abideen]] of [[Kashmir Sultanate]] to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and [[Pothohar Plateau|North Punjab]]. He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by [[Mubarak Shah II|Mubarak Shah]].{{sfnp|Elliot|Dowson|1872|loc=Chapter XXI Tárikh-i Mubárak Sháhí, of Yahyá bin Ahmad}}