Editing Psychotherapy (section)

=== Europe ===
As of 2015, there are still a lot of variations between different European countries about the regulation and delivery of psychotherapy. Several countries have no regulation of the practice or no protection of the title. Some have a system of voluntary registration, with independent professional organizations, while other countries attempt to restrict the practice of psychotherapy to 'mental health professionals' (psychologists and psychiatrists) with state-certified training. The titles that are protected also vary.<ref name=Woelbert>{{cite tech report |last=Woelbert |first=Eva |date=2015 |title=Psychotherapy for mental illness in Europe: An exploration on the evidence base and the status quo |number=JRC94870 |isbn=978-92-79-46165-1 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/psychotherapy-mental-illness-europe-exploration-evidence-base-and-status-quo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722131907/https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/psychotherapy-mental-illness-europe-exploration-evidence-base-and-status-quo |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead |institution=[[Joint Research Centre]], Publications Office of the European Union}}</ref> The [[European Association for Psychotherapy]] (EAP) established the 1990 Strasbourg Declaration on Psychotherapy, which is dedicated to establishing an independent profession of psychotherapy in Europe, with pan-European standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychotherapy-competency.eu/Appendices/appendix1.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127013001/http://www.psychotherapy-competency.eu/Appendices/appendix1.php|url-status=live|archive-date=27 January 2011|title=Appendix 1a}}</ref> The EAP has already made significant contacts with the European Union & European Commission towards this end.

Given that the [[European Union]] has a primary policy about the free movement of labor within Europe, European legislation can overrule national regulations that are, in essence, forms of restrictive practices.

In Germany, the practice of psychotherapy for adults is restricted to qualified psychologists and physicians (including psychiatrists) who have completed several years of specialist practical training and certification in psychotherapy.<ref>{{Citation |title=A guide to psychotherapy in Germany: Where can I find help? |date=2016-12-23 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279513/ |work=InformedHealth.org [Internet] |access-date=2023-10-02 |publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) |language=en}}</ref> As psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and systemic therapy meet the requirements of German health insurance companies, mental health professionals regularly opt for one of these four specializations in their postgraduate training. For psychologists, this includes three years of full-time practical training (4,200 hours), encompassing a year-long internship at an accredited psychiatric institution, six months of clinical work at an outpatient facility, 600 hours of supervised psychotherapy in an outpatient setting, and at least 600 hours of theoretical seminars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/psychth-aprv/BJNR374900998.html|title=PsychTh-APrV – Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsverordnung für Psychologische Psychotherapeuten|website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928222210/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/psychth-aprv/BJNR374900998.html|archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref> [[Social worker]]s may complete the specialist training for child and teenage clients.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072697/ A guide to psychotherapy in Germany: Where can I find help?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101111335/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072697/ |date=1 January 2016 }} January 2013; Next update: 2016. IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care)</ref> Similarly in Italy, the practice of psychotherapy is restricted to graduates in psychology or medicine who have completed four years of recognised specialist training.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.psy.it/normativa/legge_56_eng.html |title= Regulation of the profession of the psychologist |access-date= 19 March 2015 |ref= {{Harvid|Ossicini Act|1982}} |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154716/http://www.psy.it/normativa/legge_56_eng.html |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.salusaccessibile.it/Laienanalyse/ossicini.pdf |title= Cosa regolamenta effettivamente la legge Ossicini? |language= it |last1= Moreno |first1= Manghi |date= December 2004 |access-date= 19 March 2015 |ref= {{Harvid|Moreno Manghi|2004}} |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093138/http://www.salusaccessibile.it/Laienanalyse/ossicini.pdf |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Sweden has a similar restriction on the title "psychotherapist", which may only be used by professionals who have gone through a post-graduate training in psychotherapy and then applied for a licence, issued by the [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)|National Board of Health and Welfare]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseeea/psychotherapist |title= Application for licence to practise as a psychotherapist |publisher= [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)]] |access-date= 31 March 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109100230/http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseeea/psychotherapist |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

Legislation in France restricts the use of the title "psychotherapist" to professionals on the National Register of Psychotherapists,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022336754&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id |title= Arrêté du 9 juin 2010 relatif aux demandes d'inscription au registre national des psychothérapeutes |access-date= 21 July 2010 |language= fr |ref= {{Harvid|Arrêté du 9 juin 2010 relatif aux demandes d'inscription au registre national des psychothérapeutes|2010}} |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100707010353/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022336754&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id |archive-date= 7 July 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> which requires a training in clinical psychopathology and a period of internship which is only open to physicians or titulars of a master's degree in psychology or psychoanalysis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychotherapy in France |url=https://www.europsyche.org/situation-of-psychotherapy-in-various-countries/france/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=European Association for Psychotherapy |language=en-US}}</ref>

Austria and Switzerland (2011) have laws that recognize multi-disciplinary functional approaches.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In the United Kingdom, the government and [[Health and Care Professions Council]] considered mandatory legal registration but decided that it was best left to professional bodies to regulate themselves, so the [[Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care]] (PSA) launched an Accredited Voluntary Registers scheme.<ref>{{cite web|last= UK Department of Health|author-link= Department of Health (United Kingdom)|title= Trust, assurance and safety: The regulation of health professionals |url= http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_065947.pdf|archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_065947.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= 7 January 2013|type= White Paper |publisher= [[The Stationery Office]] |location= London |date= 21 February 2007 |access-date= 22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal  |last1= McGivern |first1= Gerry |last2= Fischer |first2= Michael Daniel | title = Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counselling | journal = [[Social Science & Medicine]] | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–296 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22104085 | doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.035 |url= http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/45260/1/WRAP_McGivern_McGivern__Fischer_SSM_2012_Reactivity__Reactions_to_Regulatory_Transparency_in_Medicine_Psychotherapy__Counselling_%28Authors%27_version%29.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Statutory regulation and the future of professional practice in psychotherapy and counselling: Evidence from the field |last1= McGivern |first1= Gerry |last2= Fischer |first2= Michael |last3= Ferlie |first3= Ewan |last4= Exworthy |first4= Mark |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/management/news/StatutoryRegulation1.pdf |date= October 2009 |publisher= [[Economic and Social Research Council]], [[King's College London]] |access-date= 22 February 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102311/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/management/news/StatutoryRegulation1.pdf |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all }}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type= act |year= 2012 |chapter= 7 |act= Health and Social Care Act 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Voluntary Registers: About Accreditation |url= http://www.professionalstandards.org.uk/voluntary-registers/about-accreditation |publisher= [[Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care]] |access-date= 9 January 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109103930/http://www.professionalstandards.org.uk/voluntary-registers/about-accreditation |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Counseling and psychotherapy are not protected titles in the United Kingdom. Counsellors and psychotherapists who have trained and qualify to a certain standard (usually a level 4 Diploma) can apply to be members of the professional bodies who are listed on the PSA Accredited Registers.