Editing Probable cause (section)

==Use of trained drug dogs==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0703-023, Dresden, Rauschgiftspürhund im Einsatz.jpg|thumb|185px|right|Officer training a drug dog]]
In the United States, use of a [[drug dog|trained dog]] to smell for narcotics has been ruled in several court cases as sufficient probable cause. A K-9 Sniff in a public area is not a search according to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1983 ''[[United States v. Place]]''. In this particular case, Place was in [[LaGuardia Airport]] in [[New York City]], and [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] agents took his luggage, even though he refused to have his bag searched. His luggage smelled of drugs, and the trained dog alerted the agents to this. Dogs alerting their officers provides enough probable cause for the officer to obtain a warrant. The DEA then procured a [[Search warrant|warrant]] and found a sizable amount of drugs in Place's luggage. It was not considered a search until after the warrant because a trained dog can sniff out the smell of narcotics, without having to open and look through the luggage. However, In [[Florida v. Jardines]]<ref>Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1 (2013).</ref> the court ruled that a police officer and narcotic-sniffing dog entering the porch of a home constitutes a search  which invokes the requirement of probable cause or a valid search warrant

The power of probable cause by K-9 units smelling for drugs is not limited to just airports, but even in schools, public parking lots, high crime neighborhood streets, mail, visitors in prisons, traffic stops, etc. If there is an incident where the dog alerts its officer, the probable cause from the dog is considered enough to conduct a search, as long as one of the exceptions to a warrant are present, such as [[incident to arrest]], automobile, [[exigency]], or with a [[stop and frisk]]. During a traffic stop and checkpoint, it is legal for police to allow a drug dog to sniff the exterior of the car. This is legal as long as it does not cause the traffic stop to be any longer than it would have been without the dog. If the dog finds a scent, it is again a substitute for probable cause.<ref>Wallentine, Ken. "The Dog Day Traffic Stop – Basic Canine Search and Seizure." (2008). Web. 21 Oct. 2014. http://policek9.com/html/drugdog.html.</ref>