Editing Portsmouth (section)

=== Stuart to Georgian ===

[[File:Old Portsmouth.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Old Portsmouth]] from the [[Spinnaker Tower]]|alt=A view of Old Portsmouth taken from the viewing deck of the Spinnaker Tower. Old buildings, cobbled streets and a small island can be seen in the frame.]]
In 1623, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (then Prince of Wales) returned to Portsmouth from France and Spain.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=54}} His unpopular military adviser, [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], was stabbed to death in an [[Old Portsmouth]] pub by war veteran [[John Felton (assassin)|John Felton]] five years later.<ref name="history3"/>{{sfn|Allen|2015|pp=54, 55}} Felton never attempted to escape, and was caught walking the streets when soldiers confronted him; he said, "I know that he is dead, for I had the force of forty men when I struck the blow".{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=56}} Felton was hanged, and his body chained to a [[gibbet]] on Southsea Common as a warning to others.<ref name="history2"/>{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=56}} The murder took place in the Greyhound public house on High Street, which is now Buckingham House and has a commemorative plaque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/buckingham.htm |title=Old Portsmouth—Duke of Buckingham |last=Backhouse |first=Tim |work=Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216004829/http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/old-portsmouth/buckingham.htm |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most residents (including the mayor) supported the [[roundhead|parliamentarians]] during the [[English Civil War]], although military governor [[George Goring, Lord Goring|Colonel Goring]] supported the [[cavalier|royalists]].<ref name="history2"/> The town, a base of the parliamentarian navy, was blockaded from the sea. Parliamentarian troops were sent to [[Siege of Portsmouth|besiege it]], and the guns of Southsea Castle were fired at the town's royalist garrison. Parliamentarians in [[Gosport]] joined the assault, damaging [[Portsmouth Cathedral|St Thomas's Church]].<ref name="history2"/><ref name="siege">{{cite web |title=The Siege of Portsmouth |url=http://www.welcometoportsmouth.co.uk/the%20siege%20of%20portsmouth.html |publisher=Portsmouth History |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> On 5 September 1642, the remaining royalists in the garrison at the Square Tower were forced to surrender after Goring threatened to blow it up; he and his garrison were allowed safe passage out of the city.<ref name="siege"/><ref name="siege1"/>

Under the [[Commonwealth of England]], [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] used the harbour as his base during the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1652 and the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)|Anglo-Spanish War]]. He died within sight of the town, returning from [[Cádiz]].<ref name="siege1">{{cite web |title=The Siege of Portsmouth, August to September 1642 |url=http://www.littlewoodham.org.uk/research/cwp.htm |publisher=Little Woodham |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603053505/http://www.littlewoodham.org.uk/research/cwp.htm |archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> After the end of the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], Portsmouth was among the first towns to declare [[Charles II of England|Charles{{nbsp}}II]] king and began to prosper.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=57}} The first ship built in over 100 years, {{ship|English ship|Portsmouth|1650|2}}, was launched in 1650; twelve ships were built between 1650 and 1660. After [[Stuart Restoration|the Restoration]], Charles{{nbsp}}II married [[Catherine of Braganza]] at the [[Domus Dei|Royal Garrison Church]] on 14 May 1662.<ref name="garr"/>{{sfn|Hewitt|2013|p=57}} Catherine was reputed to have introduced the cultural practice of [[Tea culture#United Kingdom|tea drinking]] to England at this event.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/very-royal-wedding-charles-ii-catherine-braganza | title=A very Royal Wedding - Charles II and Catherine of Braganza &#124; Royal Museums Greenwich }}</ref>

During the late 17th century, Portsmouth continued to grow; a new wharf was constructed in 1663 for military use, and a [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] pond was dug in 1665. In 1684, a list of ships docked in Portsmouth was evidence of its increasing national importance.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=58}} Between 1667 and 1685, the town's fortifications were rebuilt; new walls were constructed with [[bastion]]s and two moats were dug, making Portsmouth one of the world's most heavily fortified places.<ref name="history2"/>

In 1759, General [[James Wolfe]] sailed to capture [[Quebec]]; the expedition, although successful, cost him his life. His body was brought back to Portsmouth in November, and received high naval and military honours.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=65}} Two years later, on 30 May 1775, Captain [[James Cook]] arrived on {{HMS|Endeavour}} after circumnavigating the globe.<ref name="history3"/>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=311}} The 11-ship [[First Fleet]] left on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European colony in [[Australia]], the beginning of prisoner transportation;<ref name="Gutenberg FF">{{cite web |title=The First Fleet |url=http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Frost|2012|p=165}} Captain [[William Bligh]] of {{HMS|Bounty}} also sailed from the harbour that year.<ref name="history3"/>{{sfn|Hewitt|2013|p=223}} After the 28 April 1789 [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']], {{HMS|Pandora|1779|6}} was dispatched from Portsmouth to bring the mutineers back for trial. The [[court-martial]] opened on 12 September 1792 aboard {{HMS|Duke|1777|6}} in Portsmouth Harbour; of the ten remaining men, three were sentenced to death.{{sfn|Hewitt|2013|pp=223, 224}}{{sfn|Hough|1972|p=276}} In 1789, a chapel was erected in Prince George's Street and was dedicated to [[John the Apostle|St John]] by the Bishop of Winchester. Around this time, a [[bill (law)|bill]] was passed in the House of Commons on the creation of a canal to link Portsmouth to Chichester; however, the project was abandoned.{{sfn|Allen|2015|p=130}}

The city's nickname, Pompey, is thought to have derived from the log entry of [[Portsmouth Point]] (contracted "Po'm.P." – ''Po'''rts''m''outh ''P.''oint) as ships entered the harbour; navigational charts use the contraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nicknames.htm |title=Pompey, Chats and Guz: the Origins of Naval Town nicknames |publisher=[[Royal Naval Museum]] |year=2000 |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808021811/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nicknames.htm |archive-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to one historian, the name may have been brought back from a group of Portsmouth-based sailors who visited [[Pompey's Pillar (column)|Pompey's Pillar]] in [[Alexandria]], Egypt, around 1781.{{sfn|Hewitt|2013|p=98}} Another theory is that it is named after the harbour's guardship, {{HMS|Pompee|1793|2}}, a 74-gun French [[ship of the line]] captured in 1793.{{sfn|Breverton|2010|p=282}}

Portsmouth's coat of arms is attested in the early 19th century as "azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last."{{sfn|Berry|Glover|1828}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Its design is apparently based on 18th-century mayoral seals.{{sfn|East|1891|p=656}} A connection of the coat of arms with the Great Seal of Richard I (which had a separate star and crescent) dates to the 20th century.<ref>Valentine Dyall, ''Unsolved Mysteries: A Collection of Weird Problems from the Past'', 1954, p. 14). <!-- serious heraldic literature of the early 20th century does *not* make this claim, but lists the Portsmouth star and crescent simply as one of several examples of this charge. See here: https://books.google.com/books?hl=de&id=7ZAwAQAAMAAJ&q=Portsmouth
The medieval seal showed no such design (Henry Press Wright, ''The Story of the 'Domus Dei' of Portsmouth: Commonly Called the Royal Garrison Church'', 1873, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ3JaxBA_YkC&pg=PA12 p. 12]). -->
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