Editing Porto (section)

===19th century===
[[File:Pergola Foz (Porto).jpg|thumb|''Foz'' neighbourhood, along the coast]]
Porto constructed its first permanent bridge, the Ponte das Barcas (a floating [[pontoon bridge]]), in 1806. During the [[Peninsular War]], French troops led by [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]] invaded Portugal and approached the city of Porto. On March 29, 1809, during what became known as the [[First Battle of Porto]], thousands of civilians and refugees fleeing the advancing French forces rushed to cross the Douro River via the Ponte das Barcas. The bridge collapsed under the excessive weight, resulting in approximately 4,000 deaths. This catastrophe, known as the [[Porto Boat Bridge disaster]], remains the deadliest bridge disaster in world history.(This event is still remembered by a plate at the [[Dom Luís Bridge, Porto|Ponte D. Luis I]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}) In the [[Second Battle of Porto]], the [[French Army]] was [[Second Battle of Porto|rooted out of]] Porto by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], when his [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]] crossed the Douro River from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight ''[[coup de main]]'', using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the French Army.<ref name="TPENWAR1">{{cite book |title=The Peninsular War 1807 – 1814, A Concise Military History |last=Glover |first=Michael |publisher=Penguin Books |date=1974 |isbn=9780141390413 |pages=96–97 description of the retreat of Soult along the Valongo and Amaranthe road }}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oporto |volume= 20 |pages = 137–139; see page 139| quote = The town is renowned in British military annals from the duke of Wellington's passage of the Douro, by which he surprised and put to flight the French army under Marshal Soult, capturing the city on the 12th of May 1809 }}</ref>

Influenced by liberal revolutions occurring in Europe, the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]] started in Porto.<ref>CasaHistória website, [http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Independence "Independence and Empire"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075126/http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Independence |date=6 July 2018 }}, retrieved 12 June 2007</ref> The revolutionaries demanded the return of [[John VI of Portugal]], who had [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|transferred the Portuguese Court]] to the Portuguese [[Colonial Brazil|colony of Brazil]] since the French invasions of Portugal, it also demanded a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). When [[Miguel I of Portugal]] took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an anti-liberal, absolutist monarch.<ref>{{cite book |first=António Silva Lopes |last=Rocha |publisher=R. Greenlaw |location=London, England |year=1829 |title=Unjust Proclamation of His Serene Highness The Infante Don Miguel as King of Portugal or Analysis and Juridical Refutation of the Act Passed by the Denominated Three States of the Kingdom of Portugal on the 11th of July, 1828; Dedicated to the Highest and Powerful, Dona Maria II. Queen Regnant of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQNAAAAYAAJ&q=dom+miguel |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234753/https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQNAAAAYAAJ&q=dom+miguel#v=snippet&q=dom%20miguel&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A civil war (known as the [[Liberal Wars]]) was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a [[Siege of Porto|siege of eighteen months]] between 1832 and 1833 by the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] army.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |year=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |page=1158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=Siege+of+Porto&pg=PA1158 |access-date=10 February 2016 |isbn=9781851096725 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234658/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=Siege+of+Porto&pg=PA1158 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oporto |volume= 20 |pages = 137–139; see page 139| quote = Oporto sustained a severe siege in 1832–1833, being bravely defended against the Miguehtes by Dom Pedro with 7000 soldiers; 16,000 of its inhabitants perished }}</ref> Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after successfully resisting the [[Miguelista|Miguelist]] siege. After [[Concession of Evoramonte|the abdication of King Miguel]], the liberal constitution was re-established.

The collapsed ''Ponte das Barcas'' was eventually replaced by the [[:pt:Ponte D. Maria II|Ponte D. Maria II]]. Known popularly as ''Ponte Pênsil'' ([[Suspension bridge|suspended bridge]]), it was built between 1841 and 1843, with only its supporting pylons remaining today. The ''[[Maria Pia Bridge|Ponte D. Maria]]'', a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November 1877;<ref>Loyrette 1985, p.60</ref> it was considered a feat of [[wrought iron]] engineering and was designed by [[Gustave Eiffel]], notable for [[Eiffel Tower|his Parisian tower]]. The later [[Dom Luís Bridge, Porto|Ponte Dom Luís I]] replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil.<ref>{{citation |url=http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~azr/pontes/techdata.htm |title=The Bridges of Porto – Technical Data |author=Manuel de Azeredo |publisher=Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto |date=December 1999 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113110716/http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~azr/pontes/techdata.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This last bridge was made by Theophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.<ref name=SIPA>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=Patrícia |title=Ponte de D. Luís (IPA no. 00005548) |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5548 |website=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (Information System for Architectural Heritage) |language=pt |year=2005 |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052029/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5548 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica) was established in 1762.<ref>Open Repository of the University of Porto (2024). Online: https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/64528 {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221022423/https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/64528 |date=21 February 2024 }}, Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> A [[stock exchange]] (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910<ref>{{cite web |title=Palácio da Bolsa – History |url=https://palaciodabolsa.com/en/history/ |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730080647/https://palaciodabolsa.com/en/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) was also established in the city but was discontinued in 1910 following the implementation of the Republic, with the building being returned to the Association in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Exchange Palace |url=https://euroveloportugal.com/en/poi/stock-exchange-palace |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=EuroVelo Portugal |language=en-GB }}</ref>

Unrest by Republicans led to the [[31 January 1891 revolt]] in Porto, the first uprising against the Portuguese monarchy. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the [[5 October 1910 revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm-palmela.pt/NR/rdonlyres/2699A4EF-465D-4C5E-B8D7-C4544B81B2B0/39794/Escolas1Republica.pdf |title=1ª Republica – Dossier temático dirigido às Escolas |publisher=Rede Municipal de Bibliotecas Públicas do concelho de Palmela |date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423065653/http://www.cm-palmela.pt/NR/rdonlyres/2699A4EF-465D-4C5E-B8D7-C4544B81B2B0/39794/Escolas1Republica.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in-devir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=176&Itemid=37 |title=5 de Outubro de 1910: a trajectória do republicanismo |publisher=In-Devir |date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622212517/http://in-devir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=176&Itemid=37 |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>A este propósito ver {{Cite book |first=Antero de |last=Quental |title=Prosas sócio-políticas; publicadas e apresentadas por Joel Serrão |language=pt |location=Lisboa |publisher=Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |year=1982 |page=248}} citado na secção "O Partido Republicano Português" deste artigo.</ref>