Editing Pope Pius XI (section)

== Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ" ==
[[File:Malina, J.B. - Orbis Catholicus, 1 (Papst Pius XI.) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pius XI in 1930]]

Pius XI's first encyclical as pope was directly related to his aim of Christianizing all aspects of increasingly secular societies. ''[[Ubi arcano Dei consilio|Ubi arcano]]'', promulgated in December 1922, inaugurated the "Catholic Action" movement.

Similar goals were in evidence in two encyclicals of 1929 and 1930. ''Divini illius magistri'' ("That Divine Teacher's") (1929) made clear the need for Christian over secular education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522174309/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html|url-status=dead|title=Divini Illius Magistri (December 31, 1929) &#124; PIUS XI|archive-date=22 May 2015|website=w2.vatican.va}}</ref> ''[[Casti connubii]]'' ("Chaste Wedlock") (1930) praised Christian marriage and family life as the basis for any good society; it condemned artificial means of contraception, but acknowledged the unitive aspect of intercourse:

* ...[A]ny use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html ''Casti Connubii''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html |date=18 December 2015 }}, Section 56.</ref>
* ....Nor are those considered as acting against nature who in the married state use their right in the proper manner although on account of natural reasons either of time or of certain defects, new life cannot be brought forth. For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html ''Casti Connubii''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html |date=18 December 2015 }}, Section 59.</ref>

=== Political teachings ===
In contrast to some of his 19th-century predecessors who favored monarchy and dismissed democracy, Pius XI took a pragmatic approach toward different forms of government. In his encyclical ''[[Dilectissima Nobis]]'' (1933), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican Spain]], he proclaimed,

{{blockquote|Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pius XI |date=3 June 1933 |title=Vatican website information re pontificate and policies of Pius XI |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005090028/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Vatican.va |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

=== Social teachings ===
{{Social teachings of the popes}}
Pius XI argued for a reconstruction of economic and political life on the basis of religious values. ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]'' (1931) was written to mark 'forty years' since [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s (1878–1903) encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity. Pius XI instead envisioned an economy based on cooperation and solidarity.

In ''Quadragesimo anno'', Pius XI wrote that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but morally and ethically. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 44-52">''Quadragesimo anno'', 44–52.</ref> in terms of its functions for society and the development of the individual.<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 114-115">''Quadragesimo anno'', 114–115.</ref> He defined fair wages and called international capitalism materially and spiritually exploitative.

==== Gender roles ====
Pius XI wrote that mothers should work primarily [[housewife|within the home]], or in its immediate vicinity, and concentrate on household duties. He argued that every effort in society must be made for fathers to make high enough wages that it never becomes necessary for mothers to work. Forced dual-income situations in which mothers work he called an "intolerable abuse".<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 71">''Quadragesimo Anno'', 71.</ref> Pius also criticized [[Christian egalitarianism|egalitarianist]] stances, describing modern attempts to "[[Women's rights|liberate women]]" as a "crime".<ref>''Casti Connubii'', 74."</ref> He wrote that attempts to liberate women from their husbands are a "false liberty and unnatural equality" and that the true emancipation of women "belongs to the noble office of a Christian woman and wife."<ref>''Casti Connubii'', 75.</ref>

==== Private property ====
The Church has a role in discussing the issues related to the social order. Social and economic issues are vital to it not from a technical point of view but morally and ethically. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property.<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 44-52" /> Within the Catholic Church, several conflicting views had developed. Pius declared private property essential for individual development and freedom, and said that those who deny private property also deny personal freedom and development. He also said that private property has a social function and loses its morality if it is not subordinated to the common good, and governments have a right to redistribution policies. In extreme cases, he granted the state a right to expropriate private property.<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 114-115" />

==== Capital and labor ====
<!-- Commented out: [[File:PioXI et Pacelliinaugurazioneradiovaticana2.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Pope Pius XI inaugurates Radio Vatican with Cardinal Pacelli (later [[Pope Pius XII]]) at left and between them Guglielmo Marconi.]] -->
A related issue, said Pius, is the relation between capital and labor and the determination of fair wages.<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 63-75">''Quadragesimo anno'', 63–75.</ref> Pius develops the following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion of industrial society to have developed sharp opposite camps based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these differences. Three elements determine a fair wage: the worker's family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is possible only within the framework of a functioning economy and a sound enterprise. Thus, Pius concludes that cooperation and not conflict is a necessary condition, given the interdependence of the parties involved.<ref name="Quadragesimo Anno 63-75" />

==== Social order ====
Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at the individual and communal level because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The society of individuals becomes the mass class-society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees, through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius displays an unfavorable view of capitalism, especially anonymous international finance markets.<ref>''Quadragesimo anno'', 99 ff.</ref> He identifies certain dangers for small and medium-size enterprises that have insufficient access to capital markets and are squeezed or destroyed by larger ones. He warns that capitalist interests can become a danger for nations, which could be reduced to "chained slaves of individual interests".<ref>''Quadragesimo anno'', 109.</ref>

Pius XI was the first Pope to use the power of modern communications technology in evangelizing the wider world. He established [[Vatican Radio]] in 1931, and was the first Pope to broadcast on radio.