Editing Pope Pius V (section)

==Pontificate==
[[File:Portrait of Pope Pius V by Palma il Giovane.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Pius V by [[Palma il Giovane]]]]

His pontificate saw him deal with internal reform of the Church, the spread of Protestant doctrines in the West, and Turkish armies advancing from the East.

===Church discipline===
Aware of the necessity of restoring discipline and morality in Rome to ensure success, he at once proceeded to reduce the cost of the papal court after the manner of the Dominican Order to which he belonged, compel [[Benefice#Abuse|residence]] among the clergy, regulate inns, and assert the importance of the ceremonial in general and the liturgy of the Mass in particular.

In his wider policy, which was characterized throughout by an effective stringency, the maintenance and increase of the efficacy of the Inquisition and the enforcement of the [[canon law|canons]] and decrees of the [[Council of Trent]] had precedence over other considerations.<ref name=Lataste/>

===Liturgy===
Accordingly, to implement a decision of that council, he standardized the Mass by promulgating the [[Tridentine Mass|1570 edition of the Roman Missal]]. Pius V made this Missal mandatory throughout the [[Latin Church]], except where a Mass liturgy dating from before 1370 was in use.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdJCoi26sewC&q=Pope+Pius+V+made+Roman+Missal+mandatory&pg=PA842|title=The Popular Encyclopedia|page=842|year=1841|author1=Daniel Keyte Sandford|author2=Allan Cunningham Thomas Thompson|author-link1=Daniel Sandford (scholar)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4_P098HhHMC&q=Pope+Pius+V+made+Roman+Missal+mandatory&pg=PT402|editor1=Don S. Armentrout|editor2=Robert Boak Slocum|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians|isbn=9780898697018|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Church Publishing }}</ref> This form of the Mass remained essentially unchanged for 400 years until [[Mass of Paul VI|Pope Paul VI's revision of the Roman Missal]] in 1969–70, after which it has become widely known as the Tridentine Mass.<ref>{{cite book|author=Russell B. Shaw|title=Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1998|page=872|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|isbn=978-0-87973-669-9}}</ref> This missal continues to be used in about 90 countries<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.uk.paix-liturgique.org |title=Paix Liturgique Anglais |url=http://www.uk.paix-liturgique.org/aff_lettre.asp?LET_N_ID=2855 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.uk.paix-liturgique.org |language=en}}</ref> and by [[List of communities using the Tridentine Mass|several religious orders]].

===Thomism===
Pius V, who had declared [[Thomas Aquinas]] the fifth Latin [[Doctor of the Church]] in 1567, commissioned the first edition of Aquinas' ''opera omnia'', often called the ''editio Piana'' in honor of the Pope. This work was produced in 1570 at the [[studium generale]] of the [[Dominican Order]] at [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which would be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas in 1577, and again into the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], ''Angelicum'' in the 20th century.<ref>{{Citation|title=In This Light Which Gives Light: A History of the College of St. Albert the Great|first=Christopher J|last=Renzi|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8qt63uOg6IC&pg=PA42| access-date=24 April 2011|isbn=9781883734183|date=2009|publisher=Dominican School }}</ref>

===Holy League===
Pius V arranged the forming of the [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], as the result of which the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (7 October 1571) was won by the combined fleet under [[Don John of Austria]]. It is attested in his [[canonisation]] that he miraculously knew when the battle was over, himself being in Rome at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobility.org/2010/10/11/884/ |title=The Story of Don John of Austria |website=Nobility.org |date=11 October 2010 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073122/http://www.nobility.org/2010/10/11/884/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pius V also helped financially in the construction of [[Valletta]], [[Malta]]'s capital city, by sending his military engineer [[Francesco Laparelli]] to design the fortification walls (A bronze bust of Pius V was installed at the [[City Gate (Valletta)|Gate of Valletta]] in 1892.) To commemorate the victory, he instituted the Feast of [[Our Lady of Victory]].

===Protestant Reformation===
By the time Pius V ascended the throne, Protestantism had swept over all of England and Scotland, as well as half of Germany, the Netherlands, and parts of France; only Spain, Ireland, Portugal and Italy remained unswervingly Catholic. Pius V was thus determined to prevent its insurgency into Italy—which he believed would come via the Alps and Milan.

In the first year of his papacy, Pius urged [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] to restore Catholicism in her realm, providing funding and sending Jesuit [[Vincenzo Lauro]] to [[Scotland]] as Nuncio to further this cause. However, with Mary's Protestant half-brother [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray|James Stewart, Earl of Moray]], back at the heart of government and her Catholic husband [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]], in disfavour, the political circumstances did not prove favourable.<ref>Stedall, Robert (2021), ''Mary Queen of Scots' Secretary: William Maitland, Politician, Reformer and Conspirator'', [[Pen and Sword Books|Pen and Sword]], Yorkshire, pp. 109 - 115, {{isbn|9781526787798}}</ref>

====Huguenots====
Pius V recognized attacks on papal supremacy in the Catholic Church and was desirous of limiting their advancement. In [[Kingdom of France|France]], where his influence was stronger, he took several measures to oppose the Protestant [[Huguenots]]. He directed the dismissal of Cardinal [[Odet de Coligny]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcEAAAAAcAAJ&q=Pope+Pius+V+and+Odet+de+Coligny&pg=PA53|author=Joseph Mendham|title=The life and pontificate of Saint Pius V|year=1832|place=[[London]]|page=54|author-link=Joseph Mendham}}</ref> and seven bishops, nullified the royal edict tolerating the extramural services of the Reformers, introduced the Roman [[catechism]], restored papal discipline, and strenuously opposed all compromise with the Huguenot nobility.

====Elizabeth I====
His response to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] assuming the position of [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]] included support of the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots and her supporters in their attempts to rescue [[England]] ''"ex turpissima muliebris libidinis servitute"'' ("from a most sordid slavery to a woman's voracity"). A brief English Catholic uprising, the [[Rising of the North]], had just failed. Pius then issued a papal bull, ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' ("Reigning on High"), dated 27 April 1570, that declared Elizabeth I a heretic and released her subjects from their allegiance to her.<ref>Ehler, Sidney Z., ''Church and State Through the Centuries'', (Biblo-Moser, 1988), 180.</ref> It was the official decree of [[excommunication]] on her and it also declared an [[ipso facto]] excommunication on anyone who obeyed her. In response, Elizabeth now actively started persecuting English Catholics for treason.

===Character and policy===
[[File:Ritratto Pio V Pulzone.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait by [[Scipione Pulzone]], {{circa|1572}}]]
As a young man, Michele Ghislieri was eager to join the [[Inquisition]]. Under [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]], he rose to [[Grand Inquisitor]], and from there ascended to the [[papacy]].

Upon election to the papacy as Pius V, Ghislieri immediately started to get rid of many of the extravagant luxuries then prevalent in the court. One of his first acts was to dismiss the papal [[court jester]], and no subsequent pope had one.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Robin |title=St. Pius V: His Life, Times, Virtues and Miracles |date=2009 |publisher=Tan Books |isbn=9780895553546}}</ref> He forbade horse racing in [[St. Peter's Square]]. Severe sanctions were imposed against [[blasphemy]], adultery, and sodomy. These laws quickly made Pius V the subject of Roman hatred; he was accused of trying to turn the city into a vast monastery. He was not a hypocrite: in day-to-day life Pius V was highly ascetic. He wore a hair shirt beneath the simple habit of a Dominican friar and was often seen in bare feet.{{sfn|Norwich|2011|p=319}}

It is said that in "the time of a great famine in Rome, he imported grain at his own expense from Sicily and France [...]; a considerable part of which he distributed among the poor, gratis, and sold the rest to the public below cost."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints|last=Butler|first= Alban|date=1866|publisher=James Duffy|oclc=8698843}}</ref>

===Papal bulls===
Katherine Rinne writes in ''Waters of Rome''<ref>{{cite book|last=Rinne|first=Katherine| title = Waters of Rome|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|date=January 2001|isbn=978-0-300-15530-3}}</ref> that Pius V ordered the construction of public works to improve the water supply and sewer system of the city—a welcome step, particularly in low-lying areas, where [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] and [[malaria]] were inevitable summer visitors.

In 1567, he issued ''Super prohibitione agitationis Taurorum & Ferarum'' prohibiting bull-fighting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.law.yale.edu/news/papal-bull-against-bullfighting|title=A papal bull against bullfighting |author=Widener, Michael|website=library.law.yale.edu|date=17 December 2014 }}</ref>

Besides ''[[In Coena Domini]]'' (1568), there are several others of note, including his prohibition of [[Profit (economics)|quaestuary]] (February 1567 and January 1570); condemnation of ideas associated with [[Michael Baius]], a professor of [[Leuven]] (1567); reform of the [[Roman Breviary]] (July 1568); formal condemnation of homosexual behaviour (''dirum nefas'') by the clergy (1568);<ref>{{Citation|language=it|title=Cronologia|trans-title=Chronology|contribution=Pio V&nbsp;– Antonio Michele Ghislieri (1504–1572)|contribution-url=http://cronologia.leonardo.it/biogra2/piov.htm|place=[[Italy|IT]]|publisher=Leonardo|quote=...la denuncia del ''dirum nefas'', "l'esecrabile vizio libidinoso"..|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204175803/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/biogra2/piov.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> the banishment of the [[Jew]]s from all [[Papal States|ecclesiastical dominions]] except Rome and [[Ancona]] (1569);<ref name="Krinsky">Krinsky, Carol Herselle. 1996. ''Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning''. Courier Dover Publications.  {{ISBN|0-486-29078-6}}. p. 118.</ref> declaring the primacy of the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran|Lateran]] over [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] (1569);<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freiberg |first=Jack |date=1988 |title=The Lateran and Clement VIII |journal=Dissertation, Ph.D, Department of Fine Arts, New York University |pages=Appendix B}}</ref> an injunction against use of the reformed [[missal]] (July 1570); the confirmation of the privileges of the Society of Crusaders for the protection of the Inquisition (October 1570); the suppression of the [[Humiliati|Fratres Humiliati]] (February 1571); the approbation of the new office of the [[Blessed Virgin]] (March 1571); and the enforcement of the daily recitation of the [[Canonical Hours]] (September 1571).

===Papal garments===
Pius V is often credited with the origin of the Pope's white garments, supposedly because after his election Pius continued to wear his white [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[Religious habit|habit]]. However, many of his predecessors also wore white with a red [[mozzetta]], as can be seen on many paintings where neither they nor Pius is wearing a [[cassock]], but thin, wide, [[Papal attire|white garments]].

An article by Agostino Paravicini Bagliani in ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' of 31 August 2013 states that the earliest document that speaks explicitly of the Pope wearing white is the ''Ordo XIII'', a book of ceremonies compiled {{Circa|1274}} under [[Pope Gregory X]]. From that date onward, the books of ceremonies speak ever more explicitly of the Pope as wearing a red mantle, mozzetta, [[camauro]] and shoes, and a white cassock and stockings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb|date=2 September 2013|newspaper=Catholic culture|url= http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897|quote= ...the first document that mentions the Pope's white cassock dates from 1274.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=From red to white |url=http://www.osservatoreromano.va/portal/dt?JSPTabContainer.setSelected=JSPTabContainer%2FDetail&last=false=&path=/news/cultura/2013/198q13-Le-origini-e-la-simbologia-delle-vesti-del-.html&title=From%20red%20to%20white&locale=en |place=[[Vatican City|VA]] |newspaper=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025944/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/portal/dt?JSPTabContainer.setSelected=JSPTabContainer%2FDetail&last=false%3D&path=%2Fnews%2Fcultura%2F2013%2F198q13-Le-origini-e-la-simbologia-delle-vesti-del-.html&title=From%20red%20to%20white&locale=en |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

===Canonizations===
Pius V canonized one saint during his reign: [[Ivo of Chartres]] on 18 December 1570.

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by Pius V}}
Pius V created 21 cardinals in three consistories, including [[Pope Sixtus V|Felice Piergentile]] who would become Pope Sixtus V.