Editing Pope Gregory XVI (section)

==Pontificate==

===Papal election===
{{main|Papal conclave, 1830–31}}
[[File:1 Scudo en argent à l'effigie de Grégoire XVI, 1834.jpg|thumb|Coin of Pope Gregory XVI, 1834]]
{{Infobox popestyles
|image=C o a Gregorius XVI.svg
|dipstyle=[[His Holiness]]
|offstyle=Your Holiness
|relstyle=Holy Father
|deathstyle=None}}
On 2 February 1831, after a fifty-day conclave, Cappellari was unexpectedly chosen to succeed [[Pope Pius VIII]] (1829–30). His election was influenced by the fact that the cardinal considered the most ''[[papabile]]'', [[Giacomo Giustiniani]], was [[Jus exclusivae|vetoed]] by King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]].<ref name=Toke/> There then arose a deadlock between the other two major candidates, [[Emmanuele de Gregorio]] and [[Bartolomeo Pacca]]. What finally drove the cardinals to make a decision was a message from the government of [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Parma]] notifying them that revolt was about to break out in the northern Papal States.<ref name=owen/> To resolve the impasse, the cardinals turned to Cappellari, but it took eighty-three ballots for the canonically required two-thirds majority to be reached.<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1830.html ''Sede Vacante 1830–1831''.]. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</ref>

At the time of election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop; he is the most recent man to be elected pope prior to his episcopal consecration. He was consecrated as bishop by Bartolomeo Pacca, Cardinal [[Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]] and [[dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals]],{{sfn|Pham|2004|p=322}} with [[Pietro Francesco Galleffi]], Cardinal [[Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina]] and [[sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals]], and Tommasso Arezzo, Cardinal [[Bishop of Sabina]], acting as co-consecrators.

The choice of Gregory XVI as his [[regnal name]] was influenced by the fact that he had been [[abbot]] of the Monastery of San Gregorio on the [[Coelian Hill]] for more than twenty years, and in honour of [[Gregory XV]], the founder of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.<ref name=Toke/> The Monastery of San Gregorio was the same abbey from which [[Pope Gregory I]] had dispatched missionaries to England in 596.

===Actions===
[[File:Gregorio XVI nella processione del Corpus Domini.jpg|thumb|Pope Gregory XVI leading a [[Eucharistic procession]]. Painting by Ferdinando Cavalleri (1840)]]
The [[July Revolution|revolution of 1830]], which overthrew the [[House of Bourbon]], had just inflicted a severe blow on the Catholic royalist party in France. Almost the first act of the new French government was to seize [[Ancona]], thus throwing [[Italian unification|Italy]], and particularly the [[Papal States]], into a state of confusion and political upheaval. Gregory issued a proclamation on 9 February 1831, one week after his election, expressing good will towards his subjects.<ref>Pope Gregory XVI, [https://www.vatican.va/content/gregorius-xvi/it/documents/epistola-chiamati-dalla-divina-9-febbraio-1831.html Proclama: Chiamati Dalla Divina], in Italian, published on 9 February 1831, accessed on 22 August 2024</ref> In the course of the struggle that ensued, the Pope found it necessary more than once to call in [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] troops to fight the red-shirted republicans engaged in a guerrilla campaign.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=276}} The conservative administration of the Papal States postponed their promised reforms after a series of bombings and assassination attempts. The replacement of [[Tommaso Bernetti]] by [[Luigi Lambruschini]] as [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] in 1836 did nothing to appease the situation.

In the northern territories, the leaders of the revolt were middle-class gentry opposed to the general inefficiency of the government.<ref name=owen/>

===Governance of the papal states===
[[File:Pope Gregory XVI Visiting the Church of San Benedetto at Subiaco MET DP169610.jpg|thumb|Pope Gregory XVI visiting the Church of San Benedetto at [[Subiaco, Lazio]]. Painting by Jean-François Montessuy (1843)]]
Gregory XVI and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways,{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=276}} believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the [[bourgeoisie]], leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the [[Monarchy|monarchical]] power of the Pope over central Italy. Gregory XVI in fact banned railways in the Papal States, calling them ''chemins d'enfer'' ("road to [[hell]]", a play on the French for railroad, ''chemin de fer'', literally "iron road").{{sfn|Pham|2004|pp=20–21}}

The [[insurrection]]s at Viterbo in 1836, in various parts of the Legations in 1840, at [[Ravenna]] in 1843 and at [[Rimini]] in 1845, were followed by wholesale executions and draconian sentences of hard labour and [[exile]], but they did not bring the unrest within the Papal States under the control of the authorities.  Gregory XVI made great expenditures for defensive, architectural and engineering works, having a monument to Pope Leo XII built by Giuseppe Fabris in 1837.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=276}} He also lavished patronage on such scholars as [[Angelo Mai]], [[Giuseppe Mezzofanti]], and [[Gaetano Moroni]]. This largesse, however, significantly weakened the finances of the Papal States.

[[Image:GREGORYXVI.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to Gregory XVI in Saint Peter's Basilica]]

===Other activities===
====Encyclicals====
{{main|List of encyclicals of Pope Gregory XVI}}
Other important encyclicals issued by Pope Gregory XVI were ''Sollicitudo ecclesiarum'', which stated that in the event of a change of government, the church would negotiate with the new government for placement of bishops and vacant dioceses (issued 1831);{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=339}} ''[[Mirari Vos]]'', on liberalism and religious indifferentism (issued on 15 August 1832); ''[[Quo graviora (1833)|Quo graviora]]'', on the Pragmatic Constitution in the [[Rhineland]] (issued on 4 October 1833); ''[[Singulari Nos]]'', on the ideas of [[Hugues Félicité Robert de Lamennais]] (issued on 25 June 1834), and ''[[Commissum divinitus]]'' (17 May 1835) on church and state.<ref>[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Greg16/g16commi.htm Pope Gregory XVI. ''Commissum divinitus'', May 17, 1835, Papal Encyclicals Online]</ref>

====Apostolic letters====
''[[In supremo apostolatus]]'', an apostolic letter or [[papal bull]], was issued by Pope Gregory XVI regarding the institution of [[slavery]]. Issued on 3 December 1839, as a result of a broad consultation among the [[College of Cardinals]], the bull resoundingly denounced both the slave trade and the continuance of the institution of slavery.<ref name=ewtn-text/><ref name=gillis-1999/><ref name=Diene-2001/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Greg16/g16sup.htm |title=In supremo apostolatus |publisher=Papalencyclicals.net |access-date=2013-06-23|date=3 December 1839 }}</ref>

====Canonizations and beatifications====
Gregory XVI canonized [[Veronica Giuliani]], an Italian mystic, during his papacy. During his reign, five saints were [[Canonization|canonized]] (notably [[Alphonsus Liguori]]) and thirty-three Servants of God were [[Beatification|declared Blessed]] (including the Augustinian [[Simon of Cascia]]). In addition, many new [[Religious order (Catholic)|religious orders]] were founded or supported and the devotion of the faithful to the [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Blessed Virgin Mary]] increased, both in private and public life.<ref name=Toke/>

====Consistories====
{{main|Cardinals created by Gregory XVI}}
The pope created 75 cardinals in 24 consistories, in which the pope elevated 35 cardinals "{{lang|la|[[in pectore]]}}", including his future successor Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who would become [[Pope Pius IX]]. The pope also created six additional cardinals {{lang|la|in pectore}}, though the pope died before these names could be revealed, therefore cancelling their appointments to the cardinalate.

In 1836, the pope wanted to nominate Charles Joseph Benoît Mercy d'Argenteau to the College of Cardinals, but the archbishop refused the nomination because he did not wish to leave his family and home for a possible position in the Roman Curia. Gregory XVI nominated four {{lang|la|in pectore}} cardinals on 21 April 1845 and one on 24 November 1845; Gregory XVI also named another {{lang|la|in pectore}} cardinal in the 12 July 1841 consistory, never revealing his name. According to Philippe Boutry, Alerame Maria Pallavicini (the [[Prefecture of the Papal Household|Master of the Sacred Palace]]) was the {{lang|la|in pectore}} cardinal announced on 24 November 1845; however, Pope Pius IX refused to publish his name upon his ascension to the papacy less than a year later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xix.htm#GregoryXVI|title=Gregory XVI (1831–1846)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=20 February 2022}}</ref>

===Death and burial===
On 20 May 1846, he felt himself failing in health. A few days later, he was taken ill with facial [[erysipelas]]. At first, the attack was not thought to be very serious, but on 31 May, his strength suddenly failed, and it was seen that the end was near.<ref name=Toke/>

Gregory XVI died at 9:15&nbsp;am on 1 June 1846 at age 80. That morning, he received the [[Extreme Unction]] from the sub-[[sacristan]] Agostino Proja. After his funeral, he was buried in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07006a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']</ref>