Editing Pope Clement XI (section)

==Pontificate==
===Election to the papacy===
{{Main|1700 papal conclave}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="225">
File:ClemensXI.jpg|Medal depicting Clement XI
File:Pope Clement XI – Pier Leone Ghezzi (c. 1708).jpg|Portrait of Clement XI by [[Pier Leone Ghezzi]], {{circa|1708|1712}}, [[Museo di Roma]]
File:Santa cecilia in trastevere, interno, busto e iscrizione di clemente XI.jpg|Bust of Pope Clement XI at [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere|Santa Cecilia]] church, Rome
</gallery>
After the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Albani was regarded as a fine diplomat known for his skills as a peacemaker and so was unanimously elected pope on 23 November 1700. He agreed to the election after three days of consultation.

Unusually, from the viewpoint of current practice, his election came within three months after his ordination as a priest and within two months after he celebrated his first Mass, though he had been a cardinal for ten years previously. Having accepted election after some hesitation, he was ordained a bishop on 30 November 1700 and assumed the pontifical name of "Clement XI". Cardinal protodeacon [[Benedetto Pamphili]] crowned him on 8 December 1700 and he took possession of the [[Basilica of Saint John Lateran]] on 10 April 1701.

===Actions===
[[File:Stained glass depiction of Pope Clement XI at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtina.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Stained glass depiction of Clement XI at the [[Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa|Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Pristina]]]]
Soon after his accession to the pontificate, the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] broke out.

In 1703 Pope Clement XI [[Arbëni Council|ordered a synod]] of Catholic bishops in northern Albania that discussed promotion of the [[Council of Trent]] decrees within Albanian dioceses, [[Islamization of Albania#Northern Albania|stemming conversions among locals to Islam]] and securing agreement to deny communion to crypto-Catholics who outwardly professed the Muslim faith.<ref name="Frazee167168">{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521027007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC&pg=PA168 |pages=167–168}} "...since the pope was of Albanian ancestry (demonstrated by his name of Albani)."</ref><ref name="Skendi235242">{{cite journal|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans|year=1967|journal=Slavic Review|volume=26|issue=2|jstor=2492452|pages=235–242|doi=10.2307/2492452|s2cid=163987636 }}</ref><ref name="Martucci154">{{cite book|last=Martucci|first=Donato|title=I Kanun delle montagne albanesi: Fonti, fondamenti e mutazioni del diritto tradizionale albanese|year=2010|publisher=Edizioni di Pagina|isbn=978-8874701223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXBJAQAAIAAJ |pages=154}} "Nel 1703, per iniziativa di Papa Clemente XI (che era di origini albanesi) si tenne il primo Concilio Nazionale Albanese, in cui si cercò di promuovere l'applicazione dei decreti del Concilio di Trento nelle diocesi albanesi, di arginare la marea di conversioni all'islam"</ref>

Despite initially holding an ambiguous neutrality in world affairs, Clement XI was later forced to name [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles, Archduke of Austria]], as the [[King of Spain]], since the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|imperial army]] had conquered much of northern Italy and was threatening Rome itself in January 1709.

By the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] that put an end to the war, the [[Papal States]] lost its [[suzerainty]] over the [[House of Farnese|Farnese]] [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] in favour of [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], and lost [[Comacchio]] as well, a blow to the prestige of the Papal States.

In 171<small>3</small> Clement XI issued the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Unigenitus]]'' in response to the spread of the [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] heresy. There followed great upheaval in [[Kingdom of France|France]], where apart from theological issues, a strong [[Gallicanism|Gallican]] tendency persisted. The bull, which was produced with the contribution of Gregorio Selleri, a lector at the College of Saint Thomas, the future [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] ''Angelicum'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1726-ii.htm |title=Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730): Consistory of December 9, 1726 (VI) |publisher=Florida International University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030117091002/www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1726-ii.htm |archive-date=17 January 2003 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> condemned Jansenism by extracting and anathematizing as [[heresy|heretical]] 101 propositions from the works of [[Pasquier Quesnel]], declaring them to be identical in substance with propositions already condemned in the writings of [[Cornelius Jansen|Jansenius]].

The resistance of many French ecclesiastics and the refusal of the French ''[[parlement]]s'' to register the bull led to controversies extending through the greater part of the 18th century. Because the local governments did not officially receive the bull, it was not, technically, in force in those areas&nbsp;– an example of the interference of states in religious affairs common before the 20th century.

Clement XI supported [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], the exiled Stuart Prince of Wales, recognizing him as James III and VIII, and paid for the residence of him and his wife, Princess [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]], Granddaughter of [[John III Sobieski]], King of Poland-Lithuania, in Rome, the [[Palazzo Muti]], as well as donating a summerhouse near the shores of [[Lake Albano]].<ref name="Kybett">{{cite book |last1=Kybett |first1=Susan M. |title=Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart |publisher=Unwin Hyman |location=London |date=1988 |page=23|isbn=978-0044403876}}</ref> He also performed the baptism of James' son, the Jacobite Prince of Wales, [[Charles Edward Stuart]].<ref name="Kybett"/>

During his reign as a pope the famous ''[[Illyricum sacrum|Illyricum Sacrum]]'' was commissioned, and today it is one of the main sources of the field of [[Balkans#Early modern period|Balkan region during Middle Ages]], with over 5,000 pages divided in several volumes written by the [[Jesuit]] [[Daniele Farlati]] and Dom [[Jacopo Coleti]].

Clement XI made a concerted effort to acquire Christian manuscripts in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] from Egypt and other places in the Middle East, greatly expanding the [[Vatican Library]]'s collection of Syriac works.<ref name=syriacmanu>{{cite journal |last=Heal |first=Kristian S. |title=Vatican Syriac Manuscripts: Volume 1 |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |year=2005 |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/hugoye/Vol8No1/index.html |access-date=17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525173242/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol8No1/index.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Other activities===
Clement XI extended the feast of [[Our Lady of the Rosary]] to the Universal Church of the Roman Rite in 1716.

====Beatifications and canonizations====
[[File:Nelli-Clement.jpg|thumb|185px|Portrait of Clement XI by [[Pietro Nelli]] (c.1714), at the {{ill|Palazzo Albani|it}}]]
Clement XI confirmed the cultus of [[Ceslas Odrowaz]] (27 August 1712), [[Jakov Varingez]] (29 December 1700), [[Peregrine Laziosi]] (11 September 1702), [[John of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato|John of Perugia (11 September 1704), Peter of Sassoferrato]] (11 September 1704), Buonfiglio Monaldi (1 December 1717), [[Pope Gregory X]] (8 July 1713) and [[Humbeline of Jully]] (1703). He formally beatified a number of individuals: [[Alexis Falconieri]], Bartholomew degli Amidei and Benedict Dellantella, (1 December 1717) and [[John Francis Regis|John Francis Régis]] (24 May 1716). He also beatified the sisters [[Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León|Theresa]] (20 May 1705) and [[Sancha of Portugal|Sancha]] (10 May 1705).

He canonized [[Andrew Avellino]], [[Catherine of Bologna]], [[Felix of Cantalice]] and [[Pope Pius V]] on 22 May 1712, [[Saint Humility|Humility]] on 27 January 1720, [[Stephen of Obazine]] in 1701 and [[Boniface of Lausanne]] in 1702.

Clement XI, on 8 February 1720, named [[Anselm of Canterbury|Saint Anselm of Canterbury]] as a [[Doctor of the Church]], providing him the supplementary titles of "''Doctor magnificus''" ("Magnificent Doctor") and "''Doctor Marianus''" ("Marian Doctor").

====Consistories====
{{main|Cardinals created by Clement XI}}
Clement XI created a total of 70 cardinals in 15 consistories. Notably, two cardinals of his own creation were Michelangelo dei Conti, who became his immediate successor, [[Pope Innocent XIII]], and Lorenzo Corsini, who later became [[Pope Clement XII]]. The pope also nominated eight cardinals "''[[in pectore]]''", later publishing their names which validated their appointments as cardinals.

During his pontificate, Gabriele Filippucci resigned his cardinalate which the pope accepted on 7 June 1706. Clement XI also accepted the resignation of [[Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro|Francesco Maria de' Medici]] from the cardinalate on 19 June 1709.

===Chinese Rites controversies===
[[File:Open letter from Kangxi to Pope Clement XI.png|thumb|right|Open letter from [[Kangxi Emperor]] to Pope Clement XI]]
Another important decision of Clement XI was in regard to the [[Chinese Rites controversy]]: the [[Jesuit]] missionaries were forbidden to take part in honors paid to [[Confucius]] or the ancestors of the Emperors of [[Manchu China|China]], which Clement XI identified as "idolatrous and barbaric", and to accommodate Christian language to pagan ideas under plea of conciliating the heathen.