Editing Pope Callixtus II (section)

===Sicut Judaeis===
In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull ''[[Sicut Judaeis]]'' (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews. It was prompted by the [[First Crusade]], during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe. The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of [[Pope Gregory I]] that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty".<ref name="thurstonCE">{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14761a.htm| title = Thurston, Herbert. "History of Toleration", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, Accessed 12 July 2013}}</ref> The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.<ref>Solomon Grayzel (1991), "The Papal Bull ''Sicut Judeis''," in: Jeremy Cohen, ''Essential Papers on Judaism and Christianity in Conflict. From Late Antiquity to the Reformation'' (New York University Press 1991), pp. 231–259.</ref> It was reaffirmed by popes [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]], [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]] (1191–1198), [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] (1199), [[Honorius III]] (1216), [[Gregory IX]] (1235), [[Innocent IV]] (1246), [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]] (1255), [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]] (1262), [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]] (1272 & 1274), [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]], [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] (1281), [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]] (1285–1287), [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]] (1288–92), [[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]] (1348), [[Urban V]] (1365), [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]] (1389), [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]] (1422), and [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]] (1447).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=438&letter=P| title = Deutsch, Gotthard; Jacobs, Joseph. "Popes, The". ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'', KTAV Publishing, New York, 1906, Accessed 12 July 2013.}}</ref><ref>Simonsohn, Shlomo (1988). ''The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404''. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, pp. 68, 143, 211, 242, 245–246, 249, 254, 260, 265, 396, 430, 507.</ref>