Editing Polycystic ovary syndrome (section)

=== Associated conditions ===
Warning signs may include a change in appearance. But there are also manifestations of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders.<ref name="vice.com" />{{Medical citation needed|date=July 2022}}

A diagnosis of PCOS suggests an increased risk of the following:
* [[Endometrial hyperplasia]] and [[endometrial cancer]] (cancer of the uterine lining) are possible, due to overaccumulation of the uterine lining, and also lack of [[progesterone]], resulting in prolonged stimulation of uterine cells by estrogen.<ref name="emedicine_main" /><ref name="BarryAzizia2014" /> It is not clear whether this risk is directly due to the syndrome or from the associated obesity, [[hyperinsulinemia]], and [[hyperandrogenism]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=New MI |title=Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the polycystic ovarian syndrome |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=687 |issue=1 |pages=193–205 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8323173 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb43866.x |s2cid=30161989 |bibcode=1993NYASA.687..193N }}</ref><ref name="pmid12781553">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hardiman P, Pillay OC, Atiomo W | title = Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9371 | pages = 1810–2 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12781553 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13409-5 | s2cid = 27453081 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mather KJ, Kwan F, Corenblum B | title = Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome correlates with increased cardiovascular risk independent of obesity | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 150–6 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10632431 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00468-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Insulin resistance]]/[[type 2 diabetes]]. A review published in 2010 concluded that women with PCOS have an elevated prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, even when controlling for [[body mass index]] (BMI).<ref name=emedicine_main /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ | title = Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 347–363 |date= 2010 | pmid = 20159883 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmq001 | doi-access = free }}</ref> PCOS is also associated with higher risk for diabetes.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Falcone T, Hurd RW |title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-03309-1 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA223 |language=en |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012631/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[High blood pressure]], in particular if obese or during pregnancy<ref>{{cite web |title=Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121111442/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] and [[anxiety (mood)|anxiety]]<ref name=BMC2010 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barry JA, Kuczmierczyk AR, Hardiman PJ | title = Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | pages = 2442–51 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21725075 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/der197 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Dyslipidemia]]&nbsp;– disorders of lipid metabolism&nbsp;– cholesterol and triglycerides. Women with PCOS show a decreased removal of [[atherosclerosis]]-inducing remnants, seemingly independent of insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ovalle F, Azziz R | title = Insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages = 1095–1105 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12057712 | doi = 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03111-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Cardiovascular disease]],<ref name=emedicine_main /> with a meta-analysis estimating a 2-fold risk of arterial disease for women with PCOS relative to women without PCOS, independent of BMI.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Groot PC, Dekkers OM, Romijn JA, Dieben SW, Helmerhorst FM | title = PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–500 | date = 1 July 2011 | pmid = 21335359 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmr001 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Stroke]]s<ref name=emedicine_main />
* [[Weight gain]]{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[Miscarriage]]<ref name="pmid18277353">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldenberg N, Glueck C | title = Medical therapy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome before and during pregnancy and lactation | journal = Minerva Ginecologica | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–75 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18277353 | url = https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-obstetrics-gynecology/article.php?cod=R09Y2008N01A0063 | access-date = 13 October 2021 | archive-date = 2 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082813/https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-obstetrics-gynecology/article.php?cod=R09Y2008N01A0063 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="pmid18181085">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref>
* [[Sleep apnea]], particularly if obesity is present{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], particularly if obesity is present{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[Acanthosis nigricans]] (patches of darkened skin under the arms, in the groin area, on the back of the neck)<ref name=emedicine_main />
* [[Autoimmune thyroiditis]]{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* [[Iron deficiency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iron Deficiency Injectables Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.imarcgroup.com/iron-deficiency-injectables-market |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=imarc |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802112545/https://www.imarcgroup.com/iron-deficiency-injectables-market |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2024}}
The risk of [[ovarian cancer]] and [[breast cancer]] is not significantly increased overall, but women with PCOS were about three times more likely to develop [[endometrial cancer]] than other women.<ref name="BarryAzizia2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barry JA, Azizia MM, Hardiman PJ | title = Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 748–758 | date = 1 September 2014 | pmid = 24688118 | pmc = 4326303 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmu012 }}</ref>

Some medical providers and groups consider PCOS to be an [[intersex]] condition because some sex hormones are outside the typical range.<ref>Tara Becker, Marshall Chin, and Nancy Bates (9 Mar 2022). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK581039/ "Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation".] ''National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation''. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US). 7, Measuring Intersex/DSD Populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250201221206/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK581039/ Archived] from the original on 1 February 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2025.</ref> However, medical consensus, including the Endocrine Society and NIH, defines PCOS as an endocrine/metabolic disorder, not intersex, as it lacks congenital sex characteristic variations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Samradhi |last2=Pal |first2=Namrata |last3=Shubham |first3=Swasti |last4=Sarma |first4=Devojit Kumar |last5=Verma |first5=Vinod |last6=Marotta |first6=Francesco |last7=Kumar |first7=Manoj |date=11 February 2023 |title=Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=1454 |doi=10.3390/jcm12041454 |doi-access=free |pmid=36835989 |pmc=9964744 |issn=2077-0383 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |url=https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/pcos |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=www.endocrine.org |language=en}}</ref> A 2023 study notes two transmasculine individuals self-identified as intersex without medical diagnosis, tying it to identity, not biology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wugalter |first1=Katrina |last2=Perovic |first2=Mateja |last3=Karkaby |first3=Laurice |last4=Einstein |first4=Gillian |date=2 April 2024 |title=The double-edged sword of PCOS and gender: exploring gender-diverse experiences of polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=251–267 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2023.2183448 |pmid=38681493 |pmc=11044764 |issn=2689-5269}}</ref>