Editing Planetarium (section)

===After World War II===
[[File:Planetario 2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Opened in 1955, the [[Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium]] in [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]], is the oldest planetarium in Latin America and the southern hemisphere.]]
When Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split.  Part remained in its traditional headquarters at [[Jena]], in [[East Germany]], and part migrated to [[West Germany]]. The designer of the first planetariums for Zeiss, [[Walther Bauersfeld]], also migrated to West Germany with the other members of the Zeiss management team. There he remained on the Zeiss West management team until his death in 1959.

The West German firm resumed making large planetariums in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetariums a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the [[California Academy of Sciences]] in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]], which operated 1952–2003.  The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the [[Boston Museum of Science]], which was unique in being the first (and for a very long time only) planetarium to project the planet [[Uranus]]. Most planetariums ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye.

A great boost to the popularity of the planetarium worldwide was provided by the [[Space Race]] of the 1950s and 60s when fears that the United States might miss out on the opportunities of the new frontier in space stimulated a massive program to install over 1,200 planetariums in U.S. high schools.

[[File:Spitz Star Projector.jpg|thumb|left|Early Spitz star projector]]
[[Armand Spitz]] recognized that there was a viable market for small inexpensive planetaria. His first model, the Spitz A, was designed to project stars from a [[dodecahedron]], thus reducing machining expenses in creating a globe.<ref name="ley196502">{{Cite magazine
 |last=Ley
 |first=Willy
 |date=February 1965
 |title=Forerunners of the Planetarium
 |department=For Your Information
 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n02_1964-12#page/n93/mode/2up
 |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
 |pages=87–98
}}</ref> Planets were not mechanized, but could be shifted by hand.  Several models followed with various upgraded capabilities, until the A3P, which projected well over a thousand stars, had motorized motions for latitude change, daily motion, and annual motion for Sun, Moon (including phases), and planets. This model was installed in hundreds of high schools, colleges, and even small museums from 1964 to the 1980s.

[[File:Goto-E5.jpg|thumb|right|A Goto E-5 projector.]]
[[Japan]] entered the planetarium manufacturing business in the 1960s, with Goto and [[Minolta]] both successfully marketing a number of different models. Goto was particularly successful when the Japanese Ministry of Education put one of their smallest models, the E-3 or E-5 (the numbers refer to the metric diameter of the dome) in every [[elementary school]] in Japan.

Phillip Stern, as former lecturer at [[New York City]]'s [[Hayden Planetarium]], had the idea of creating a small planetarium which could be programmed.  His Apollo model was introduced in 1967 with a plastic program board, recorded lecture, and film strip. Unable to pay for this himself, Stern became the head of the planetarium division of [[Viewlex]], a mid-size audio-visual firm on [[Long Island]]. About thirty canned programs were created for various grade levels and the public, while operators could create their own or run the planetarium live.  Purchasers of the Apollo were given their choice of two canned shows, and could purchase more.  A few hundred were sold, but in the late 1970s Viewlex went bankrupt for reasons unrelated to the planetarium business.

During the 1970s, the [[OmniMax]] [[Film|movie]] system (now known as IMAX Dome) was conceived to operate on planetarium screens. More recently, some planetariums have re-branded themselves as ''dome theaters'', with broader offerings including wide-screen or "wraparound" films, [[fulldome|fulldome video]], and laser shows that combine music with laser-drawn patterns.

[[Learning Technologies Inc.]] in [[Massachusetts]] offered the first easily portable planetarium in 1977. Philip Sadler designed this patented system which projected stars, [[constellation]] figures from many [[mythologies]], celestial coordinate systems, and much else, from removable cylinders (Viewlex and others followed with their own portable versions).

When [[German reunification|Germany reunified]] in 1989, the two Zeiss firms did likewise, and expanded their offerings to cover many different size domes.