Editing Piri Reis (section)

===Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet===
[[File:Piri Reis - Map of the Egyptian Coast From Alexandria as Far as the City of Rashid - Walters W658303B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=map|[[Alexandria]] in Egypt as depicted in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'']]

After [[Sinan Reis]] died in 1546,<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323" /> Piri Reis took his position as {{Transliteration|ota|[[Kapudan Pasha|Hind Kapudan-ı Derya]]}}, or grand admiral of the [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean]], as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107">{{harvnb|Shaw|1976|p=107}}.</ref> Portuguese ships had raided the Red Sea as far as [[Suez]] and taken the port city of [[Aden]] in Yemen.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107" /> The Portuguese navy employed [[sailing ship]]s capable of navigation and combat in open seas, while the Ottoman Navy relied mainly on [[galley]]s, which were more effective along the coasts. This limited Ottoman naval warfare to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and narrow straits around Arabia. The empire focused on using its navy to continue land-based expansion into new areas for tax revenue and agriculture.<ref>{{harvnb|Hess|1970|pp=1916–1917}}.</ref>

Using his fleet based out of Suez, Egypt, Piri Reis led campaigns in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6" /> On 26 February 1548, he [[Capture of Aden (1548)|recaptured Aden]] from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]].<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107"/> Piri Reis subdued the local [[Bedouin]] rulers of [[Basra]] in 1547 and began building a Persian Gulf fleet.<ref name="Shaw-1976-pp106-107">{{harvnb|Shaw|1976|pp=106–107}}.</ref> The fleet conducted annual expansions in the Indian Ocean, and some local rulers began to ally with the Portuguese.<ref name="Shaw-1976-pp106-107" />

[[File:Piris Reis expedition map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=map, full details at link and in article body text|Piri Reis' expedition against Hormuz]]

The sultan instructed Piri Reis to take the Portuguese-controlled [[Hormuz Island]] at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Önalp-2010-pp1-2">{{harvnb|Önalp|2010|pp=1–2}}.</ref> Taking [[Bahrain Island]] was a secondary objective.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=107}}.</ref> In April 1552,<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=108}}.</ref> Piri Reis left Suez with 25 galleys, 5 ships, and 850 soldiers.<ref>{{harvnb|Floor|2006|p=175}}.</ref> In August, the Turkish fleet [[Capture of Muscat (1552)|took Muscat]] after a one-month siege.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107" /><ref name="Floor-2006-p176">{{harvnb|Floor|2006|p=176}}.</ref> The expedition took control of coastal lands in Yemen, Oman, and Arabia.<ref>{{harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|p=117}}.</ref> The Portuguese prepared for the attack on Hormuz by evacuating most of the island. Wealthy residents took refuge on the nearby island of [[Qeshm]], and the soldiers and royal family retreated to the fortress.<ref name="Floor-2006-p176" />

The Turkish soldiers took the [[Hormuz, Iran|City of Hormuz]] in September 1552, but could not take the fortress.<ref>{{harvnb|Finkel|2007|p=136}}.</ref><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> They [[Siege of Hormuz (1552)|besieged and bombarded the fortress]] for several weeks, but Piri Reis grew concerned about the Portuguese fleet attacking them during the siege.<ref name="Özbaran 2009 110">{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=110}}.</ref> The Ottoman forces ran low on gunpowder, and Kubad Pasha the governor of Basra did not send supplies to the siege.<ref name="Soucek 2011 61">{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|p=61}}.</ref> On 9 October 1552, the Ottomans retreated.<ref name="Özbaran 2009 110"/><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> They sacked the city, looted Qeshm, and retreated into the gulf with over a million pieces of gold.<ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> The fleet arrived at Basra by 1553.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=104}}.</ref> A letter from the Portuguese governor inside the fortress, dated 31 October 1552, said that the walls had been near collapsing, but that the Ottomans had run low on "munitions, gunpowder, and other war materials" much of which they had lost when a galleon sank on the way to Hormuz.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=111}}.</ref> The [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese governor of India]], {{ill|Afonso de Noronha|es}} organized a fleet of 40 ships led by his nephew Antão de Noronha that reached Hormuz in November 1552.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|pp=110–111}}.</ref>

Piri Reis was executed following his retreat at Hormuz.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6" /> After the expedition's failure, Kubad Pasha denied Piri Reis rowers for his galleys.<ref name="Önalp-2010-pp1-2" /><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> Historian Svat Soucek suggested that "hostility [between the two men] may have been at the root" of Piri Reis' decision to return to Egypt quickly and the "accusatory report the Pasha probably sent to Constantinople."<ref name="Soucek 2011 61"/> Leaving most of the fleet behind, Piri Reis returned in 1553 with only two ships.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324">{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=324}}.</ref><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> The gold he brought back to Egypt played a role in his death sentence. Ottoman histories criticize Piri Reis for looting Qeshm. Some even allege that he accepted bribery.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|pp=61–62}}.</ref> Those allegations were unlikely, as a delegation from Hormuz traveled to Constantinople to demand compensation, but they may have been believed at the time of his execution.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|p=63}}.</ref> Venetian diplomats in Constantinople sent a letter dated 15 November 1553 stating that Piri Reis had been replaced by [[Rüstem Pasha]]'s captain, "charged with having raised the siege of the fortress of Hormuz because of bribery", and executed.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" /> For sacking the city instead of maintaining the siege, the sultan had him beheaded in [[Cairo]].<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" /> The exact date of his execution is unknown.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" />

Rüstem Pasha's captain [[Seydi Ali Reis]] attempted to return the fleet that Piri Reis had brought to Basra back to Suez, but [[Battle of the Gulf of Oman|the Portuguese intercepted them]]. The Ottoman ships were all captured, destroyed, or swept out to sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=102}}.</ref> Piri Reis was possibly survived by a son, Mehmed Reis, who is known only from a single portolan map of the Aegean.<ref>{{harvnb|Angelov|Bazzaz|Batsaki|2013|p=84}}.</ref>