Editing Pinales (section)

=== Phylogeny ===

Gymnosperms form a group of four subclasses among the [[spermatophytes]] (seed bearing plants). In turn, the seed plants together with the [[monilophyte]] [[fern]] subclasses make up the [[tracheophytes]] (vascular plants), part of the class [[Equisetopsida]] (embryophytes or land plants), as opposed to the [[green algae]]. Among the seed plants, the gymnosperms are a sister group to the subclass [[Magnoliidae sensu Chase & Reveal|Magnoliidae]] (angiosperms or flowering plants).

There are about 1000 extant gymnosperm [[species]], distributed over about 12 [[Families (biology)|families]] and 83 [[genera]]. Many of these genera are [[monotypic]] (41%), and another 27% are oligotypic (2–5 species).{{sfn|Wang|Ran|2014}} The four subclasses have also been treated as [[division (botany)|divisions]] of the Spermatophytes. Alternative names and the approximate number of genera and species in each are;{{sfn|Wang|Ran|2014}}
* [[Cycadidae]] (Cycadophyta, cycads 10, 300)
* [[Ginkgoidae]] (Ginkgophyta, ginkgo 1, 1)
* Gnetidae (Gnetophyta 3, 100)
* Pinidae (Pinophyta,{{sfn|Cronquist et al|1966}}{{sfn|Reveal|1995}} conifers 70, 600)

The term Pinophyta has also been used to include all conifers, extinct and extant, with Pinales representing all the extant conifers.{{sfn|Delevoryas|2015}}
 
[[Christenhusz]] and colleagues extended the system of Chase and Reveal{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|2009}} to provide a revised classification of gymnosperms in 2011, based on the above four [[subclades]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2011}} In this scheme, the Pinidae comprise three orders, including Pinales, and 6 families;
* Pinales <small>[[Gorozh.]]</small> ([[Pinaceae]]) 
* [[Araucariales]] <small>Gorozh.</small> ([[Araucariaceae]], [[Podocarpaceae]])
* [[Cupressales]] <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]</small> ([[Sciadopityaceae]], [[Cupressaceae]], [[Taxaceae]])

However, the exact phylogeny remained a topic that was 'hotly debated", in particular whether the main lineages were best represented by the four subclasses of Christenhusz and colleagues or the more traditional five clades (cycads, ginkgos, cupressophytes, Pinaceae and gnetophytes).{{sfn|Wang|Ran|2014}} In 2014 the first complete molecular phylogeny was published, based on 90 species representing all extant genera. This established cycads as the basal group, followed by Ginkgoaceae, as sister to the remaining gymnosperms, and supporting the ‘gnepine’ hypothesis. This analysis favours the five clade hypothesis, the remaining clade following divergence of the Pinidae, are referred to as the conifer II clade, or cupressophytes, in distinction from the conifer I clade (Gnetidae, Pinidae).{{sfn|Cole|Bachelier|2019}} This clade, in turn, has two lineages. The first consisting of Sciadopityaceae and the Araucariales, the second being the Cupressales. In the Christenhusz scheme, the Sciadopityaceae were considered to be within Cupressales. The term Cupressaceae ''s.l.'' refers to the inclusion of Taxodiaceae.{{sfn|Lu et al|2014}} These relationships are shown in this [[cladogram]], although no formal taxonomic revision was undertaken.{{sfn|Lu et al|2014}} 
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Gymnosperms, subclasses, orders, families{{sfn|Lu et al|2014}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2011}} 
|align=left
|cladogram=
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1='''Gymnosperms'''
|1={{clade
    |label1=
    |1=[[Cycadidae]] (Cycadales)
    |label2= 
    |2={{clade 
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
             |1= [[Ginkgoidae]] (Ginkgoales)
             }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=[[Pinidae]] (Pinales)
           |2={{clade
             |1={{clade
                |1=[[Gnetidae]]
                }}
             |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Sciadopityaceae]]
                  |2={{clade
                  |label1=[[Araucariales]]
                  |label2=[[Cupressales]]
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=[[Araucariaceae]]
                        |2=[[Podocarpaceae]]
                        }}
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Taxaceae]] (including Cephalotaxaceae)
                        |2= [[Cupressaceae]] ''s.l.''
                     }}
                     }}
                
                }}
           }}
}}
}}
}}
}} 
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{clear}}

A more comprehensive analysis was undertaken by Ran and colleagues in 2018, as part of a detailed phylogeny of all seed plants.{{sfn|Ran et al|2018}} This forms the basis of the Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster{{sfn|Cole|Bachelier|2019}} and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.{{sfn|Stevens|2020}}