Editing Phosphorylation (section)

==== Glycolysis ====
{{Main|Glycolysis}}

Glycolysis is an essential process of glucose degrading into two molecules of [[Pyruvic acid|pyruvate]], through various steps, with the help of different enzymes. It occurs in ten steps and proves that phosphorylation is a much required and necessary step to attain the end products. Phosphorylation initiates the reaction in [[Glycolysis#Preparatory phase|step 1 of the preparatory step]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt14/sim1.htm|title=Chapter 14: Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses|access-date=2016-05-14|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017002355/http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt14/sim1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (first half of glycolysis), and initiates step 6 of payoff phase (second phase of glycolysis).<ref>{{cite book|title=Biochemistry| vauthors = Garrett R |publisher=Saunders College|year=1995}}</ref>

Glucose, by nature, is a small molecule with the ability to diffuse in and out of the cell. By phosphorylating glucose (adding a phosphoryl group in order to create a negatively charged [[Phosphate|phosphate group]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hexokinase - Reaction|url=https://www.chem.uwec.edu/webpapers_f99/pages/Webpapers_F99/schneebm/Pages/reaction.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.chem.uwec.edu|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202023137/https://www.chem.uwec.edu/webpapers_f99/pages/Webpapers_F99/schneebm/Pages/reaction.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, which is trapped within the cell as the cell membrane is negatively charged. This reaction occurs due to the enzyme [[hexokinase]], an enzyme that helps phosphorylate many six-membered ring structures. Phosphorylation takes place in step 3, where fructose-6-phosphate is converted to [[fructose 1,6-bisphosphate]]. This reaction is catalyzed by [[phosphofructokinase]].

While phosphorylation is performed by ATPs during preparatory steps, phosphorylation during payoff phase is maintained by inorganic phosphate. Each molecule of [[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate]] is phosphorylated to form [[1,3-bisphosphoglycerate]]. This reaction is catalyzed by [[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (GAPDH). The cascade effect of phosphorylation eventually causes instability and allows enzymes to open the carbon bonds in glucose.

Phosphorylation functions is an extremely vital component of glycolysis, as it helps in transport, control, and efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bachillerato.uchile.cl/files/Bioquimica/glycolysis/glyintro/page07.htm|vauthors=Maber J|title=Introduction to Glycolysis|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406210528/http://www.bachillerato.uchile.cl/files/Bioquimica/Glycolysis/glyintro/page07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>