Editing Phillips Academy (section)

=== Revival as college-preparatory institution ===
[[File:Phillips Andover Academy Andover 1910.jpg|thumb|500x500px|Student body, Phillips Andover, 1910|center]]
After a period of decline, [[Cecil Bancroft]] (h. 1873–1901), [[Alfred Stearns]] (h. 1903–33), and [[Claude Fuess]] (h. 1933–48) led Andover through a long era of expansion that transformed Andover into one of the largest and richest prep schools in the United States. Bancroft improved Andover's academic reputation; he reformed the curriculum to the expectations of college presidents and visited the English [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] to learn about best practices in Europe.<ref>Allis, pp. 223, 230-31, 239-40.</ref> Aided by a "sink-or-swim" policy of expelling underperforming or undisciplined students, the academy was able to place a majority of its students at Yale, Harvard, or Princeton (64% in 1931 and 74% in 1937).<ref>Allis, pp. 419, 459, 631.</ref> Enrollment, which had fallen from 396 students in 1855 to 177 in 1877, rebounded to roughly 400 by 1901 and passed 700 in 1937.<ref>Allis, pp. 204, 286, 418.</ref>[[File:Paresky_Commons_in_the_1930s.jpg|thumb|Paresky Commons in the 1930s]]

To compete with newer, fully residential boarding schools, the headmasters built new on-campus housing and modernized the academic facilities, a process that took over a generation to complete. Shortly after taking over, Bancroft recognized that Andover's historical reliance on local families for student housing was hurting its reputation.<ref>Allis, pp. 278-79, 282-86.</ref> By 1901 Andover provided housing for approximately one-third of boarders; by 1929 all boarders could finally live on campus.<ref>Allis, pp. 328, 383.</ref> Much of this expansion was funded by banker [[Thomas Cochran (banker)|Thomas Cochran]] '90, a partner at [[J.P. Morgan & Co.|J. P. Morgan]] who had no children and wanted to make Andover "the most beautiful school in America."<ref name=":11" /> Cochran donated roughly $10 million to Andover (approximately $181 million in February 2024 dollars); for reference, when he died his estate was probated at $3 million.<ref>Allis, pp. 371, 386.</ref> In 1928, as many as 15,000 people visited Andover's campus to hear President [[Calvin Coolidge]] deliver the keynote address at Andover's 150th anniversary celebration, a speech that Cochran had arranged.<ref>Allis, pp. 435-36, 445.</ref>[[File:Andover Battalion 1918.jpg|thumb|Andover Battalion [[cadet]]s training at the school in 1918.|left]]

During this period, Andover was a primarily white and Protestant institution, although its expanding scholarship program and occasional steps toward racial integration made it relatively diverse by New England boarding school standards. The share of scholarship boys steadily increased from 10% in 1901 to roughly 25% in 1944.<ref>Allis, pp. 288-89, 484.</ref> Andover was one of the first New England boarding schools to accept black students, starting in the 1850s.<ref name=":14">Allis, p. 287.</ref> However, it had just five black students when Bancroft died in 1901,<ref name=":14" /> and black representation actually declined under Bancroft's successors: only four African-Americans attended Andover between 1911 and 1934.<ref>Allis, pp. 344-35; see also id. at 616 (Fuess stating that Andover had 2 black students in 1944 and expressing concern that increasing black enrollment might spell trouble for the academy).</ref> The academy admitted more Jewish students but capped their numbers at roughly 5% of the student body.<ref>Allis, p. 616 (Fuess writing that out of Andover's 690 students, 30-35 were Jews, and that he was trying to reduce this number).</ref> Andover was also one of the first American schools to educate Chinese students, participating in the 1872–1881 [[Chinese Educational Mission]]; one student, [[Liang Cheng]], later became the [[List of ambassadors of China to the United States|Chinese ambassador to the United States]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-02/20/content_19625578.htm | title=Andover to deepen China ties | work=China Daily | date=February 20, 2015 | first=Amy | last=He | access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref>

In the 1930s, Andover participated in the International Schoolboy Fellowship, a cultural exchange program between U.S. boarding schools, British [[public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]], and [[National Political Institutes of Education|Nazi boarding schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/young-nazis-how-i-uncovered-the-close-ties-between-british-private-schools-and-hitlers-germany-172017|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|title=Young Nazis: how I uncovered the close ties between British private schools and Hitler's Germany|first=Helen|last=Roche|date=November 18, 2021|access-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref> As U.S.-Germany relations deteriorated, Andover terminated the arrangement in 1939 at the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]'s request.<ref name=":13">Allis, p. 479.</ref> Following America's entry into World War II, over 3,000 Andover graduates participated in the war effort in some capacity, with 142 deaths.<ref name=":13" />