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===Baba-Nyonya=== The Peranakan Chinese commonly refer to themselves as Baba-Nyonya. The term ''[[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]'' is an honorific for Straits Chinese men. It originated as a Hindi (originally Persian) loan-word borrowed by [[Malay language|Malay]] speakers as a term of affection for one's grandparents, and became part of the common vernacular. In [[Penang Hokkien]], it is pronounced ''bā-bā'' (in [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]),<ref name="tan2016">{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Imm |title=Penang Hokkien-English dictionary: with an English-Penang Hokkien glossary |year=2016 |publisher=Sunway Education Group |isbn=978-967-13697-1-5}}</ref> and sometimes written with the [[Chinese character classification#Rebus (phonetic loan) characters|phonetic loan characters]] 峇峇. Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves ''Nyonyas''. ''Nyonya'' (also spelled ''nyonyah'' or ''nonya'') is a Malay and [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]] honorific used to refer to a foreign married lady. It is a loan word, borrowed from the old Portuguese word for lady ''donha'' (compare, for instance, [[Macanese language|Macanese creole]] ''nhonha'' spoken on Macau, which was a Portuguese colony for 464 years). Because Malays at that time had a tendency to address all foreign women (and perhaps those who appeared foreign) as ''nyonya'', they used that term for Straits-Chinese women as well. It gradually became more exclusively associated with them.<ref>Joo Ee Khoo, ''The Straits Chinese: a cultural history'', Pepin Press: 1996 {{ISBN|90-5496-008-6}}, 288 pages</ref><ref>Soeseno Kartomihardjo, ''Ethnography of Communicative Codes in East Java'' Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1981, {{ISBN|0-85883-255-0}}, page 96</ref> In [[Penang Hokkien]], it is pronounced ''nō͘-niâ'' (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī),<ref name="tan2016"/> and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 娘惹.
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