Editing Penny (section)

===Frankish Empire===
{{main|French denier}}
[[Charlemagne]]'s father [[Pepin the Short]] instituted a [[Carolingian Renaissance#Carolingian currency|major currency reform]] around {{nowrap|AD 755,}}<!--EB11 mistaken--><ref name=surfingwiththeallen>{{harvp|Allen|2009}}.</ref> aiming to reorganize [[Francia]]'s previous [[silver standard]] with a standardized .940-fine {{lang|fr|[[French denier|denier]]}} ({{langx|la|[[denarius]]}}) weighing <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>240</sub> [[units of measurement in France before the French Revolution#Mass|pound]].<ref name=chown>{{harvp|Chown|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4OGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23] }}.</ref> (As the [[Carolingian pound]] seems to have been about 489.5&nbsp;[[gram]]s,{{sfnp|Ferguson|1974|loc="[https://books.google.com/books?id=nfsFPrla1QEC&pg=PA328 Pound]"}}{{sfnp|Munro|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eLk6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 31]}} each penny weighed about 2&nbsp;[[gram]]s.) Around 790, [[Charlemagne]] introduced a new .950 or .960-fine penny with a smaller diameter. Surviving specimens have an average weight of {{nowrap|1.70 grams,}} although some estimate the original intended mass at {{nowrap|1.76 grams.}}{{sfnp|Cipolla|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3zCJ_sN6K0C&pg=PA129 129]}}{{sfnp|Frassetto|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC&pg=PA131 131]}}{{sfnp|NBB|2006}} But despite the purity and quality of these pennies, they were often rejected by traders throughout the Carolingian period, in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere; this led to repeated legislation against such refusal, to accept the king's currency.<ref name=stannis>{{harvp|Suchodolski|1983}}.</ref>