Editing Penal colony (section)

==Elsewhere==
* Following Alexander the Great's conquest of modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan, the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] was used as a penal colony.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chrysopoulos |first1=Philip |title=Bactria: The Ancient Greek State in Afghanistan |url=https://greekreporter.com/2021/08/16/bactria-the-ancient-greek-state-in-afghanistan-video/ |website=Greek Reporter |date=16 August 2021 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Today, 18% of the population of [[Peshawar]] has Greek genetic markers.<ref>{{cite web |editor=Dr Gul Rahim Khan |title=Greek genes and the numismatic expert from Peshawar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427866 |website=Dawn |date=19 August 2018 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
* The [[Government of Meiji Japan|Meiji Government]] of Japan used [[Abashiri Prison]] in [[Abashiri]], [[Hokkaido]] as a penal colony in 1890. The prison later turned into an ordinary jail in 1894.
* The [[Qing Empire]] of 1636–1912 used general-ruled provinces [[Jilin]] ([[Ningguta]]) in north-east China and [[Xinjiang]] in north-west China as penal colonies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Joanna Waley |title=Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758–1820 |year= 1991 |publisher=Yale Historical Publications |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2250vjs |jstor=j.ctt2250vjs |isbn=978-0300048278 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2250vjs}}</ref>
* Imperial Russia used [[Siberia]] and [[Russian Far East]] for penal colonies ([[katorga]]) for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. In 1857 a penal colony was established on the island of [[Sakhalin]]. The Soviet [[Gulag]] system and its tsarist predecessor, the [[katorga]] system, provided penal labor to develop forestry, logging, and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and [[railroad]]s across Siberia and in other areas. In the modern Russian Federation, [[corrective labor colonies]] are a common type of prison.
* The [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] under the rule of King [[Kamehameha III]] (reigned 1825–1854) replaced the death penalty with exile, and [[Kahoolawe]] became a men's penal colony sometime around 1830, while Kaena Point on [[Lanai]] served as the female penal colony. The law making the island a penal colony was repealed in 1853.
* [[Boven Digoel Regency|Boven Digoel]] in [[South Papua|Papua]] was once used by [[Dutch East Indies]] authorities as penal colony for revolutionaries.
* [[Buru|Buru Island]] in [[Indonesia]] was used as a penal colony during the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] era to hold political prisoners.
* [[Apartheid]] South Africa used [[Robben Island]] as a penal colony for anti-apartheid activists.
* The Netherlands had a penal colony from the late 19th century. The Department of Justice took over the town of [[Veenhuizen (Noordenveld)|Veenhuizen]] (originally set up by a private company to "re-educate" vagrants from the large cities in the west like [[Amsterdam]]) to turn it into a collection of prison buildings. The town stands in the least populated province of [[Drenthe]] in the north of the country, isolated in the middle of a vast area of peat and marshland.
* Some sources refer to [[Nazi Germany|Nazi-era]] forced-labor camps (''[[Arbeitslager]]'') in [[German-occupied Europe]] as penal colonies.<ref>
For example:
{{cite book |last1=Feig |first1=Konnilyn G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNqEAAAAIAAJ |title=Hitler's Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness |publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-0841906761 |edition=reissue |publication-date=1981 |page=296 |quote=[...] a forced-labor camp [...] named Arbeitslager [[Treblinka I]] [...] an order exists, dated 15 November 1941, establishing that penal colony. |access-date=2015-06-29}}
</ref>
* North Korea operates a [[Law enforcement in North Korea|penal system]] including prison labor camps and re-education camps.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Jager
| first1                = Sheila Miyoshi
| author-link1= Sheila Miyoshi Jager
| title                 = Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea
| year =  2013
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=IOBiCA5SZhQC 
| publisher             = Profile Books
| page                  = 458
| isbn                  = 978-1847652027
| access-date            = 2015-06-29
| quote                 = Prison labor camps, or ''kwalliso'', were first established in North Korea after liberation from Japan to imprison enemies of the revolution, landowners, collaborators, and religious leaders. After the war, these places housed un-repatriated South Korean prisoners of war. [...] There are six such camps in existence today, according to a May 2011 Amnesty International report, 'huge areas of land and located in vast wilderness sites in South Pyong'an, South Hamyong and North Hamyong Provinces.' ... Perhaps the most notorious penal colony is ''kwalliso'' no. 15. or Yodok [...].
}}
</ref>
* [[Tarrafal camp|Tarrafal]] operated as a Portuguese penal colony in the [[Cape Verde Islands]], set up in 1936 by the head of the Portuguese government, [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]], where opponents of this right-wing regime were sent. At least 32 anarchists, communists and other opponents of Salazar's regime died in this camp. The camp closed in 1954 but re-opened in the 1970s to jail African leaders fighting [[Portuguese Colonial War|Portuguese colonialism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.museudoaljube.pt/en/2023/04/23/the-tarrafal-concentration-camp/|title=The Tarrafal Concentration Camp|publisher=Museum of Aljube|date=23 April 2023|accessdate=24 January 2025}}</ref>

* Spain maintained a penal colony on [[Bioko|Fernando Po]] in present-day Equatorial Guinea.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Stewart
| first1                = John
| edition               = 3rd
| title                 = African States and Rulers
| year = 2006
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=I7UUAQAAIAAJ
| publisher             = McFarland & Company
| page                  = 96
| isbn                  = 978-0786425624
| access-date            = 2015-06-29
| quote                 = From 1879 the Spanish basically used Fernando Po as a penal colony for captured Cuban rebels.
}}
</ref> The tiny island of [[Cabrera, Balearic Islands|Cabrera]] was also a short-lived penal colony in which approximately 7,000 French [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] from the [[Battle of Bailén]] (1808) were left on their own for years; less than half of them survived.<ref>Gates, David (1986). ''The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War''. W W Norton & Co. {{ISBN|0-393-02281-1}}.</ref>
* Taiwan had a penal colony at [[Green Island, Taiwan|Green Island]] during Chiang Kai-shek's [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]] of 1949–1987. {{As of | 2015}}, the island is a tourist destination.
* [[Côn Đảo Island]] in Vietnam was used as a penal colony both by the French colonists (from 1861 onwards) and by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] (from 1954 and during the [[Vietnam War]] of 1955–1975).{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* The [[Ottoman Empire]] used [[Fezzan]] as a penal colony, because it was the most remote province from the then capital city, [[Istanbul]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* There are penal colonies in the Philippines, namely [[Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm]] in Palawan, and [[Davao Prison and Penal Farm]] in Davao.