Editing Pen (section)

==History==
[[File:Dip pens and penholders.jpg|thumb|Historic pens]]
[[File:US68445.png|thumb|upright|M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent#68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.]]

[[Ancient Egypt]]ians had developed writing on [[papyrus]] scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from the ''[[Juncus maritimus]]'' or sea rush.<ref>[http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/exhibits/writing/reed_pen.html Egyptian reed pen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221023715/http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/exhibits/writing/reed_pen.html |date=2007-02-21 }} Retrieved March 16, 2007.</ref> In his book ''A History of Writing'', Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds at [[Saqqara]], that the reed pen might well have been used for writing on [[parchment]] as long ago as the First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the [[Middle Ages]], but were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen, made from reed or bamboo, is still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write on small wooden boards.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spinfold.com/evolution-of-pen/|title=Evolution of pen - From Reed Pen to 3Doodler - Spinfold|website=www.spinfold.com|date=April 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-30|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501031206/https://www.spinfold.com/evolution-of-pen/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reed pen survived until papyrus was replaced as a writing surface by animal skins, [[vellum]] and parchment. The smoother surface of skin allowed finer, smaller writing with a quill pen, derived from the flight feather.<ref>"pen." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington: Helicon, 2010. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012</ref> The quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] dialects with bird feathers or quills. There is a specific reference to quills in the writings of [[St. Isidore of Seville]] in the 7th century.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511217593&ss=ind The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728093742/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511217593&ss=ind |date=2021-07-28 }}, Cambridge Catalogue Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Quill pens were still widely used in the eighteenth century, and were used to write and sign the [[Constitution of the United States]] in 1787.

A copper nib was found in the ruins of [[Pompeii]], showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79.<ref>[http://www.arnoldwagner.com/dippens/dip_pens1.htm Arnold Wagner – Dip Pens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231413/http://www.arnoldwagner.com/dippens/dip_pens1.htm |date=2019-03-28 }}. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in [[Samuel Pepys]]' diary for August 1663.<ref>'This evening came a letter about business from Mr Coventry, and with it a silver pen to carry inke in, which is very necessary.' Diary of Samuel Pepys, 5 August 1663:http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019052127/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/ |date=2012-10-19 }}</ref> 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in ''The Times'' in 1792.<ref>The advertisement implies metal nibs had been in use for some years, but had not been generally accepted due to lack of flexibility and tendency to rust. It refers to 'Ivory Handles' with 'Gold Silver or Steel Pens to each', and says that 'new pens may be fitted in at pleasure', indicating that only the nibs were metal. It also claims the pens have 'well-tempered Elasticity' and that the 'Steel Points' are treated to be rustproof, rust being 'a circumstance that has been long and universally complained of in this article'. {{Cite news |title= |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=8 June 1792|page=4}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2022}} A metal pen point was patented in 1803, but the patent was not commercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale by [[Bryan Donkin]] in 1811.<ref>He offered the patent, which had an unexpired term of 11 years, for sale together with the 'utensils peculiarly adapted to the manufacturing' of the metal pens: {{Cite news |title= |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=15 August 1811 |page=4}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2022}} John Mitchell of [[Birmingham]] started to mass-produce pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality of steel nibs improved enough so that dip pens with metal nibs came into general use.<ref>In 1832 a woman accused of stealing a silver pen from a London shop said in her defence that she had 'one of the common metal pens' with her: {{Cite news |title= |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=15 September 1832|page=3}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The earliest historical record of a pen with a reservoir dates back to the 10th century AD. In 953, [[Al Muizz|Ma'ād al-Mu'izz]], the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]] of [[Egypt]], demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib.<ref name="bosworth1981">{{citation|journal=[[Journal of Semitic Studies]]|volume=XXVI|issue=i|date=Autumn 1981|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth}}</ref> This pen may have been a fountain pen, but its mechanism remains unknown, and only one record mentioning it has been found. A later reservoir pen was developed in 1636. In his ''Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae'' (1636), [[Germans|German]] inventor [[Daniel Schwenter]] described a pen made from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with [[cork (material)|cork]]. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England for a pen with an ink reservoir.<ref name="bosworth1981"/>

A student in [[Paris]], [[Romania]]n [[Petrache Poenaru]] invented a fountain pen that used a quill as an ink reservoir. The [[French Government]] patented this in May 1827.<ref>Pierre Poyenar, "Plume sans fin portative, s'alimentant d'encre d'elle même" Patent FR-Poenaru, Application 3208. File: http://www.fountainpen.it/File:Patent-FR-Poenaru.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831231026/http://www.fountainpen.it/File:Patent-FR-Poenaru.pdf |date=2021-08-31 }}</ref> Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s.

The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to [[John J. Loud]].<ref>GB Patent No. 15630, October 30, 1888</ref> In 1938, [[László Bíró]], a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to design new types of pens, including one with a tiny [[ball]] in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to [[Argentina]], fleeing [[Nazi Germany]]. On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Writing instrument|gdate=1943-06-17|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2413904A/en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801183207/https://patents.google.com/patent/US2413904A/en |date=2021-08-01 }}</ref> They formed "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and by the summer of 1943, the first commercial models were available.<ref>[http://www.quido.cz/objevy/propis.a.htm The Ballpoint Pen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417165418/http://www.quido.cz/objevy/propis.a.htm |date=2007-04-17 }}, Quido Magazin. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by [[Paper Mate]] in 1979, when the [[Erasermate]] was put on the market.

[[Slavoljub Eduard Penkala]], a [[Croatia]]n engineer and inventor, became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) – then called an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with the Croatian entrepreneur [[Edmund Moster]], he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world at the time. This company, now called ''TOZ-Penkala'', still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "{{lang|hr|Tvornica olovaka Zagreb}}", meaning "[[Zagreb]] Pencil Factory".

In the 1960s, the fiber- or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the [[Pentel|Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120526042234/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpen.htm History of Pens & Writing Instruments], About Inventors site. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Paper Mate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have become popular in recent times.

Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They use a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological advances during the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the roller ball's overall performance. A [[porous point pen]] contains a point made of some porous material such as felt or ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is applied while writing.

[[File:Antique vintage fountain pens from a personal collection, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty.jpg|thumb|A collection of vintage pens]]
Although the invention of the typewriter and [[personal computer]] with the [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboard]] input method has offered another way to write, the pen is still the main means of writing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/netguide/2003/may/05genx.htm |title=Losing touch with paper and pen |work=Rediff.com |date=2003-05-05 |access-date=2013-05-03 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512204052/http://www.rediff.com/netguide/2003/may/05genx.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many people like to use expensive types and brands of pens, including fountain pens, and these are sometimes regarded as a [[status symbol]].<ref>Guilfoil, John M. (August 17, 2008) [http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/08/17/the_power_of_the_pen/ The power of the pen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141957/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/08/17/the_power_of_the_pen/ |date=2016-03-05 }}. ''Boston.com''</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Schwenter - Deliciae physico-mathematicae oder Mathemat. und philosophische Erquickstunden, 1636 - 4696404.tif|''Deliciae physico-mathematicae'', 1636
File:Vulcan Ink Pencil advertisement, 1915.jpg|1915 advertisement for "Vulcan" Ink Pencils.
File:Marker1.jpg|Modern marker pens.
</gallery>