Editing Pedestrian crossing (section)

===Unmarked crossings===

[[File:Ivan Jack Drive traffic island.jpg|thumb|193x193px|A pedestrian refuge in [[Wagga Wagga]], Australia]]
[[File:Courtesy crossing 784.jpg|thumb|A courtesy crossing in [[Havelock North]], New Zealand|upright=.6]]

In some countries, including the US, "unmarked crosswalks" are presumed to occur at intersections even if a crossing is not marked, except at locations where pedestrian crossing is expressly prohibited.<ref name="row-xwalk50">{{cite web |title=Right of Way in the Crosswalk |url=http://americawalks.org/wp-content/upload/Right-of-Way-in-the-Crosswalk_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729000248/http://americawalks.org/wp-content/upload/Right-of-Way-in-the-Crosswalk_2013.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

Pedestrian refuges are uncontrolled crossings with two dropped kerbs and a central [[traffic island]], protected by kerbs. The island allows pedestrians to cross the road one direction of traffic at a time, which can be quicker and safer (they decrease pedestrian accidents by around 40%) than a lack of crossing. Additionally, they can narrow the road, slowing down vehicles and preventing them from overtaking. However, they may not afford pedestrians priority, meaning pedestrians may have a longer wait than a controlled crossing. They can also create pinch points, which can be dangerous for cyclists.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Pedestrian Refuge Island {{!}} Traffic Choices - aiding traffic scheme decisions|url=https://www.trafficchoices.co.uk/traffic-schemes/refuge-island.shtml|access-date=2022-01-02|website=www.trafficchoices.co.uk}}</ref>

Courtesy crossings are uncontrolled crossings with coloured surfacing or some other non-formal suggestion that pedestrians may cross. They aim to encourage concentrated pedestrian crossings and to encourage drivers to let pedestrians cross the roads out of courtesy, rather than obligation. The inclusion of stripes (e.g. in paving), the presence of narrowing and visual narrowings of the road positively affect courtesy.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jones|first1=P.|last2=Di Guardo|first2=G.|date=2019-07-10|title=Analysing pedestrian and vehicle interaction at courtesy crossings|url=https://www.ptrc-training.co.uk/Resources/TPM|access-date=2022-01-02|website=In: The 17th Annual Transport Practitioners' Meeting. PTRC: Oxford, UK. (2019)}}</ref>